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Seismograph all over the world jumped on May 11, but not on the 13th. INDIA'S NUCLEAR TESTS CAUGHT THE international community off guard. This has caused some commentators to question [...]

The article reflects on the visa policy of the United States. It cites the Internal Security Act of 1950 and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and their effects in the country's foreign policy and home security. It also cites the factors that underlies the provisions of the visa policy such as the fear of foreigners, hatred of the educated, the uncomfortable position of the consuls between Congress and the applicant, and the lack of provisions for effective administration.

A feature of the growing discussion of the environmental issues in the United States is the use of language traditionally associated with violence and war to understand environmental problems and to motivate action. The idea of "environmental security" and its implications on spending and organizational priorities are discussed. (KR)

Information about several papers discussed in the 9th and 10th of the Pugwash Conferences in Science and World Affairs which were held in Cambridge on August 25-30, and in London, England on September 3-7, 1962. The conference gathered 60 scientists from 18 countries. The papers presented by Western scientists and the statements emanating from the conferences have shown no evidence of partisan inspiration.

The article presents a discussion about developmental and operational functions of the international agency. It offers several pages from the six working papers prepared by the Control Committee of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. It gives the detailed elaboration of a control plan. However, the Russian representatives assumed the role of interested observers rather than partners in the work. The papers are the product of collective thinking in which the Russians have participated unwillingly and without attempting to influence specific conclusions.

Discusses the aggressive way in which the McCarran-Walter Act is being applied to prevent hundreds of people from visiting the U.S. because of their political beliefs and associations. Growing efforts to overturn the law; Origins of ideological exclusion; Way of protecting against terrorism and other threats to internal security; Legitimate instrument of foreign policy; Rituals of exclusion; Efforts to challenge ideological exclusions. INSETS: "America's Paper Curtain".;Confidentially speaking...;Reform legislation..

Argues that the systematic persecution of Bosnian Muslims in the summer of 1992 has made it blindingly obvious that the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Charter, UN resolutions, European Community-brokered cease-fires and economic sanctions are not worth the paper they are written on unless backed by a credible military force. Looking to NATO for security guarantees; Risk of encouraging other potential dictators; Military solution may be the only solution.

An excerpt from a paper presented at a conference on International Relations in the Mid-Twentieth Century held at Northwestern University in Illinois on April 1959 is presented.

The article offers information about the proposal intended for national security in the U.S. The proposal is the outgrowth of a series of informal, entirely unofficial meetings between Herman Kahn of Princeton University, James E. King, Jr. of Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research, Evron Kirkpatrick of the American Political Science Association and others. The author stresses the paper is his interpretation and explanation of the discussion, rather than being a formal report approved by all participants.

The article presents the study for concerns regarding arms control. The study was to determine new and important potentials for arms control in the 1970s, to assist interested and professionally involved scholars in formulating these ideas and concepts and to examine what could be done to disseminate these new directions more widely and more effectively. Compiled studies reveal the political and intellectual concern with the problem of bureaucratic desicion-making. Points such as the reordering of national priorities and redressing executive-legislature imbalances of power were raised.

The article presents a paper delivered by the author, a German physicist and philosopher, at the Second Pugwash Conference in Lac Beauport, Quebec. It focuses on the probability of total global war breaking out during the next ten or twenty years in Germany. According to him, the probability of total global war is far too high, deliberating the catastrophe it would mean to the world. However, if the probability of such a war is small just due to the fact of the common knowledge that it would be more or less suicidal, then the threat of such a war cannot be easily employed to discourage any government or nation from acts of limited violence.

The article presents the author's views regarding military aid given by the U.S. to countries in Central America. It says that the U.S. credibility is in question. What matters to U.S. President Ronald Reagan is that Nicaraguans' support of a revolution that repudiates U.S. imperialism and Central American-style capitalism is likely to be viewed as a loss for the U.S. and a gain for world communism.

The article reports on the arms accumulation and armed forces build up in large areas of the Middle East which became one of the principal features of international politics. It addresses the issues on the relationship between arms accumulation and instability, of arms control and the political process and on what areas in which arms control could be effective. The several level of conflicts raging in the Middle East includes the competition among the Arab states for position of power, the competition between the superpowers and the Arab-Israeli conflict.

The article focuses on the development of methods for keeping peace in a disarmed environment. Due to technological advancements, the issue of disarmament worries most nations due to the fact that war can not suffice in dispute settlement between authoritative forces. Disarmament discussions are conducted to explore on new ways and problems in the aim to provide peace and security in the society. One of the concerns of member states is the development of a system that adjusts to different peacemaking mechanisms, economic approaches and cultural backgrounds.

Information about several papers discussed during the Fourteenth Pugwash Conference on science and world affairs that was held in Venice, Italy is presented. On the five working groups, three worked on problems of international cooperation and two on disarmament. The conference was intended to deal mainly with international cooperation in science.

The author reflects on the proposal to establish observation posts in the Soviet Union, the U.S., Eastern and Western Europe to lessen the danger of surprise attack in Europe. He notes that such measure requires the basis of reciprocity wherein involved nations are allowed to station forces on each other's territories in prevention of a surprise attack. However, since this negotiation entails a tedious process, he suggests that final agreement about them should be encouraged.

The article presents the report of the Soviet Delegation from the proceedings of Technical Working Group II of the Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapons Tests on November 24, 1959 in Geneva, Switzerland. Soviet scientists examined, jointly with their American and British colleagues, all the material presented to the Technical Working Group. They considered that the Group's main task, as indicated in its terms of reference, was to develop proposals concerning the use of objective instrument readings as a basis for initiating on-site inspections.

The article discusses issues and topics concerning the agreement between the U.S., Great Britain and the Soviet Union on the monitoring of nuclear weapons tests during a conference held on November 24, 1959 in Geneva, Switzerland. The negotiations among scientific experts has called for considerations on technical evidence concerning the discovery of underground explosions. In contrast to the success achieved by the international scientific community two years ago, renewed negotiations among scientific experts concerning the discovery of underground explosions have ended in deadlock and mutual recriminations. This paper highlights some of the factors that have led to the failure in Geneva.

The article discusses issues concerning the agreement on the cessation of nuclear tests. The cessation of nuclear weapons tests has attracted wide public attention around the world. Negotiations on test cessation between the U.S. and Great Britain has started in autumn of 1959. At the course of the negotiations, it is cited that the representatives of the Western powers systematically procrastinating the negotiations and trying to divert them from the real purpose of the conference. It is believed that the proposals of the U.S. government to stop test explosions on the surface of the ground and in the atmosphere, are meant to avoid agreement on nuclear test cessation.

The article highlights the issues and topics discussed during the second conference on the peaceful use of atomic energy, held between September 1 and 13, 1958 in Geneva, Switzerland. The public at large had become accustomed to the miracle of nuclear energy and its devices. In general, the second conference was preceded by somewhat methodical and elaborate preparations involving the scientists and engineers of all countries, in much the same way as are meetings in other fields. It was evident that engineers are now playing a much more important role in the field than they had previously. In addition, it was clear that the participants from the smaller nations of the world were now actively engaged in exploring the possibilities of nuclear energy.

The article presents several papers discussed at the Pugwash Conference on Biological and Chemical Warfare, held on August 24 to 30, 1959 in Nova Scotia. The issues and topics discussed focuses on the use of viruses and rickettsiae as biological agents. In contrast to microorganisms, viruses are unable either to metabolize nutrients or to grow and multiply outside of living cells. Consequently, viruses do not exhibit by themselves any of the characteristics of living organisms and are completely inert materials outside their specific hosts. Rickettsia, on the other hand, are organisms which are taxonomically intermediate between microorganisms and virus. Generally, experts agree that both virus and rickettsiae are the least promising agents for use in biological warfare.

The article presents the edited version of a paper given at the Second Pugwash Conference in Lac Beauport, Quebec by the author, a Nobel laureate of the H. H. Wills Physical Laboratory in Bristol, England. It focuses on the international exchange of scientists and students. According to him, there are a number of obvious advantages to be gained by a wide exchange of scientists and students. Misunderstandings can be discarded and by personal contacts, genuine points of difference more clearly distinguished. International exchanges have the edge of bringing together representation of different national traditions. International science is greatly improved by this variety, and international exchanges benefit greatly by the diversity of view of those participating.

The article reports international developments related to military planning and administration. Congressional hearings in the U.S. on the country's military and scientific situation produced no definite report. Although the conclusion generally accepted was that the U.S. was superior to the Soviet Union in overall nuclear striking power despite lags in missile and space technology. In Britain, the Defense White Paper for 1959, showed that Britain is relying upon the nuclear deterrent as represented by both strategic bombers and long-range missiles of her own making, and upon an expanded regular army.

The article focuses on the amount of technical knowledge on nuclear energy research and development as disclosed by leading nations at the Geneva Convention in Switzerland. According to leading physicists and scientists present during the conference, the amount of technical knowledge presented by the U.S. was immensely larger than that disclosed by the Soviet Union. And that the Soviet papers and exhibits showed that they were able to construct, in a competent way, reactors along lines previously developed and published in America.

The article presents information about the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, signed by 35 nations on August 1, 1975 in Helsinki, Finland. Notwithstanding the consequences of the Act, it is a document that focused probably the most on science than any other such document. However, the Act reflects a very ambivalent attitude toward science. In many ways, science is an ideal medium for international cooperation. The fundamental principle of the Act is that the nations participating in the conference must live in peace.

An excerpt from the paper discussed at the Pugwash Conference in Science and World Affairs on August 26-31, 1971 in Sinaia, Romania is presented.

Information about several papers discussed at the Belgrade Conference in Belgrade, Serbia in 1961 is presented. The conference officially declared its refusal to create a third bloc which threatened other countries. It featured 25 prime ministers of non-aligned countries, presidents and princes who tried to sort out their ideas concerning war, peace, colonialism and neo-colonialism.

The article focuses on the problems of bringing the arms race under control and consequently replace it by progressive disarmament. The international scientific community held its meeting at the Sixth Pugwash Conference in Moscow from November 26 to December 5, 1960. During the convention, several ideas were presented dealing with problems of international cooperation and the resolution of political and ideological conflicts. Most Western scientists left Moscow with the impression that the Soviet scientists are genuinely enthusiastic about an immediate and far-reaching disarmament.

The article reports on the policy statements and programs of the Democratic Advisory Council concerning issues and topics on science for the 1960 Presidential campaign in the U.S. In recognition of science as an important issue during the campaign period, both the Democratic and Republican Parties have appointed advisory committees to consider science organization and its role in national and international affairs. This paper highlights the ceaseless attempt of the U.S. to reduce the intensity of the arms race with the general objective of providing a rational world security system by means other than sheer strength in military weapons, force, and alliances. Unfortunately, these efforts have not met with success despite fourteen years of disarmament negotiations within the United Nations.

The article discusses various reports published within the issue regarding accidental war, missiles and world community.

The author reflects on the publication "Peace Research Abstracts Journal." It contains abstracts of articles, reports, books and conference papers on issues relating to international war and peace. The journal is the official publication of the International Peace Research Association. The author provides a contact person and an address, who could be contacted when someone is interested in abstracting.

A response by Louis Morton to a letter to the editor about his article "School for Strategy" in the March 1961 issue is presented.

The article provides information related to international defense and strategy. A written agreement on missile bases was signed by the U.S. and Great Britain in Washington on February 22, 1958. The British government has issued an annual White Paper on Defense on February 13, 1958, which states that Great Britain would use nuclear weapons if any attack occurs in the country. John A. Wheeler, professor of physics, urged the Advanced Projects of the Defense Department to form a national defense research center which would pool the best talent working on the service's missile programs, nuclear weapons, and electronic programs.

Analyzes the role of neoconservatism in shaping the terms of politics in Washington during the Reagan Administration. Policy design to focus on the needs of the U.S. as the primary importance when dealing with the Soviet Union; Inclination to rollback totalitarianism in favor of political and economic freedom as foreign policy principle; Affiliation with the Republican party; Role of proponents as conceptualizers.

Introduces a series of essays in a symposium that assesses the progress of China's modernization program in which science and technology play a prominent part. Social and political consequences of scientific and technological modernization; Overview of articles by Thomas Fingar, Denis F. Simon, Richard P. Suttmeier and Leo A. Orleans.

Comments on an article on the U.S. quagmire in Central America, published in the March 1983 issue of the 'Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.' Global approach to the Central American question; U.S. policy on the four focal points of communist infection.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "School for Strategy," by Gene M. Lyons and Louis Morton in the March 1961 issue.

The article describes the activities of the British Parliamentary Group for world government. The first step which the British government has been asked to required by the Parliamentary Group has been to issue a solemn declaration, rather in the manner of the Atlantic Charter, to which all governments would be asked to associate themselves, proclaiming that the creation of a world federal government would be the agreed common goal. The primary work of the group is expected to be study of a world investment code. The interest of the project from the world federalist point of view is that, if successful, it could set up a recognized framework in which in the economic field capitalism and communism could work together for mutual advantage.

The article presents a reprint of the article "Commission for Peace," by Bertand Russell, published in the December 18, 1954 issue of "The Nation." In this paper, Russell described how humanity is faced by dangers so great that the avoidance of them ought to be the common aim of all the world powers. However, it has become evident that governments cannot bring themselves to face the fact that their aims can no longer be achieved by war.

This article ponders the future of NATO after the collapse of European communism. NATO leaders have thought of seven reasons to stay in business, even though the communist threat has crumbled. NATO members indeed have a good reason for being pleased--the epic change in Europe's political and military landscape. More tacitly, NATO also served to fetter West German military might. For political and military reasons, the United States should remain closely allied and militarily present in Europe, and NATO guarantees that coupling. In the meantime, NATO should actively participate in building the European security community, although, in the process, it will lose importance as the Soviet Union turns into a political partner and as CSCE institutions progressively assume more of NATO's current functions.

Discusses the threats to international arms control posed by the U.S. Defense Department's plans to employ new research and production techniques in the production of biological weapons. Pentagon report on the Soviet Union's development of biological weapons; U.S. interest in pursuing lines of inquiry in which defensive and offensive interests cannot be easily distinguished; Emphasis on the future use of biotechnology to produce novel weapons. INSETS: Biological weapons and what they do.;Fighting biological weapons research in the courts..

Reports on steps taken to correct shortcomings in the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention at an international meeting held in September 1986 in Geneva, Switzerland. Politically binding agreement on the exchange of information on high-containment research facilities and on unusual disease outbreaks; Sweeping prohibitions of the convention; Issue of the creation of warfare agents by genetic engineering.

Examines the impact of the deterrence theory on the U.S. foreign policy difficulties with the Soviet Union. Conclusion by Western policy makers on deterring Soviet aggression with the threat of punishment; Belief in the fallacy of claiming to deter an activity rather than a specific action; Obscurement of the radical nature of the theory's underlying principle; Failure to appreciate the merits of avoiding war by diplomacy.

Discusses the importance of addressing ambiguities over the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty in order to achieve momentum for nuclear arms control. Research and development of ABM components; Distinction between a component and a subcomponent.

Discusses four conditions that must be obtained if a United States president and his Soviet Union counterpart are to overcome the obstacles that confront them and achieve progress in controlling the arms race and in improving relations. Effective leadership in both countries; Successful summits as vehicles for the signing of important agreements; Period of correct if not more cooperative relations as a precondition for a productive summit meeting.

Discusses how East-West competition in the Third World exacerbates endemic problems and risks driving local crises out of control. Need for the superpowers to unite against the common enemies of underdevelopment and ecological decay; Premise of the primacy of the East-West relationship in governing the prospects for averting a major nuclear war; Evidence for diminishing superpower capacity to control events in the South; Roots of tension in the predicament of the South.

Suggests ways on how to avoid crises leading to nuclear war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Improvement of the general state of political relations between Washington and Moscow to reduce the likelihood of serious confrontation between them; Structuring of greater crisis stability with the goal of preventing war in tense crisis situations; Exchanging of information about strategic capabilities.

Focuses on the shortcomings of the foreign policy of the U.S., as of 1984. Details on why the foreign policy on Vietnam failed; Reason why the foreign policy on Lebanon failed; Focus given on how U.S. President Ronald Reagan is handling policies developed for Central American countries and the Caribbean Area.

The article examines the decision making process for nuclear defense program in the United States. Growing anti-nuclear sentiment with the public had stopped the administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan from acquiring more weapons. Without such outpourings of anti-nuclear sentiment the government might have cancelled the Threshold Test Ban Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT ) II and Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaties. Deputy Undersecretary of the U.S. Defense Department James Wade believed that the ABM and SALT I agreements between the U.S. and the Soviet Union provoked a relaxed response.

The article presents the author's views regarding various issues related to foreign aid given by the U.S. It says that foreign aid from the U.S. often benefits the powerful than the powerless as farmers in low income countries cannot convey to donors of foreign aid their economic priorities. Most of the farmers are poor and do not have any political influence. Information is given about the U.S. net disbursements for 1980.