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The authors discuss the U.S. government's decision to impose tariffs on coated-paper imports from China. They argue that the tariffs benefit U.S. private equity investors. The paper manufacturers that brought the complaint is owned by a large U.S. private equity group. They say the government action raises obvious questions about the political influence of private investment firms.

Discusses China's growing missile arsenal and the threat it poses to other countries. China's top aim in growing its missile capabilities; China's antiquated military; What type of military weapons China is investing in; The military threat China poses to the United States.

This section offers news briefs related to businesses outside the U.S. as of September 1937. Exporters in Germany fear drastic decline in their performance since an outbreak of hostilities in Shanghai, China was reported. Businesses in London, England expect an improvement in their income despite the increased materials costs during the year. The Russian government launched a program which aims to promote the daily production of several commodities like coal, steel and oil.

Reports on 'The Tiananmen Papers,' which were smuggled out of China and contain information regarding why Beijing's leaders decided to crack down on pro-reform demonstrators in 1989. How the papers could affect whoever emerges to lead China in 2002; Attempts of the government to block Web access to sites which have printed the papers; Plans to translate the papers into Chinese and smuggle them back into China.

Argues that the United States, long a leader in innovation, may be in danger of losing that edge to competition from abroad. Details on research and development spending in the U.S. and where it is concentrated; Biomedical research which has drained funding for the physical sciences; China which is catching up to the number of papers and patents produced by the U.S.; How American researchers are tapping into overseas talent in the development of ideas; Homeland security which is making it harder for foreign students and researchers to work in America.

The article offers information on the iron and steel production strategy of Chinese premier Mao Tse-tung. The goal for iron and steel production in China has been raised to 10.7 million tons by the Chinese government. Several peasant farmers have been organized in labor camp communes. New group of iron smelting ovens being used for production are built on the anthill design. China also has five modern steel centers operating and a sixth under construction in Paotou in North China.

Reports on the success and popularity of the newspaper "Apple Daily" in Hong Kong, China owned by entrepreneur Jimmy Lai. Refusal of investors to support Lai because he has already angered Beijing for his article about Premier Li Peng; Details about the establishment of the paper; Success of the business and the paper.

The article reports on the 22,000,000 pounds war freight recorded by the Office of War Information in the first half of 1944, which is worth about 79 million U.S. dollars excluding outbound traffic. The Himalayas from China to India route and the Karachi, India to the U.S. via Africa route and the South America route are some of the most popular destinations of the war freight. The main lone that runs to Trinidad and Puerto Rico from New York via Bermuda also makes it as one of the popular destinations as it close to Miami, Florida.

The article reports that the Chinese government in February 147 employed U.S. companies Marsman and Vinell to transport 584 million U.S. dollar worth of excess war products from Pacific Islands including Guam, Saipan, and Iwo Jima to compensate for the reconstruction program in China.

The article focuses on the outlook for U.S. foreign policy. U.S. position for a Pacific Union is explained in relation to priority given to Europe. Decisions subsequent to the release of the China White Paper are presented together with suggestions from Great Britain for order in Southeast Asia. Plans of the International Monetary Fund to restore drawing rights to Marshall Plan countries are examined as well as the signs of solid prosperity in France. The effect of the Commonwealth agreement on trade between India and Great Britain are also evaluated.

The article discusses the 1997 business strategy of Eastman Kodak Co. to gain entry in China's photographic film industry. Kodak plans to partner with state-owned China Lucky film Corp. to avoid 60% duty on imported film. In turn, Lucky shall benefit from Kodak's financial assistance. However, Chinese nationalists are afraid that the partnership will squeeze the local photographic film industry. Approval of the business venture will come from the Communist Party.

Discusses the influence of economic prosperity on the transformation of China's social and political life. Wan Exiang as head of China's first public-interest legal center Protection of the Rights of Disadvantaged Citizens; Renewal of most-favored-nation trading status for China by President Bill Clinton; Changes in the treatment of labor unions; Legal system in China.

The article reports on the move of China to address their food shortage, wherein they started purchasing grain imports that improves the world tramp shipping business.

This section offers international business news briefs. Japan announced that it will open a central bank in Peking, China which will lay the groundwork for monetary reform in all of China under Japanese occupation. The provincial government of Quebec has purchased a gold mine to be used as a practical training school for young miners. English River Pulp Co. will start construction of a large pulp and paper plant in Northern Ontario.

This section offers news briefs on international business as of November 25, 1931. The 2 percent import tax to be added to present duties in France will not be applied to raw materials but will be increased to 4 percent on semi-manufactures and to 6 percent on manufactures. There has been an increase in demand for larger imports and dollar exchange in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Montevideo, Uruguay. Japanese goods are being boycotted in China.

This article discusses the growth of the textile industry in the British colony of Hong Kong in the 1960s. It attributes the growth to the colony's exports of garments to U.S. companies, the rising number of tourists arriving and the influx of workers from China. It expects the trend to continue to contribute to the development of Hong Kong economy. The article warns about the possible impact of textile quotas on the industry.

Focuses on Hong Kong Internet tycoon Richard Li and his father, billionaire Li Ka-shing. Attempt of Li to make a bid for Cable & Wireless HKT for his company, Pacific Century CyberWorks Ltd.; Efforts of the Lis to secure a solid claim to the New Economy of Asia; Basis of CyberWorks' stock value despite a lack of operating revenues and profits.

The article explores the decline of the precious metal called silver. According to the author, a primary economic curiosity of the age is the drop of silver from the so-called semi-superstitious value level given to it through its link with gold to its proper commodity price range. The author cites the shift towards the gold standard in China and India. The author adds that there are few real silver mines which can be operated with silver under fifty cents per ounce.

The article outlines some of the Economic Cooperation Act (ECA) authorized expenditures for Marshall Plan countries. For the week ended September 11, 1948, total authorization totaled 134,057,353 for new commodities mostly heavy equipment. Authorization for spare parts for motor vehicles and other items amounted to 2.6 million U.S. dollars for Netherlands , 8.6 million dollars for China and 2 million dollars for France.

The article discusses a case involving the principals of the Pacific Commodity Exchange (PCE) in Hong Kong, China who took 1.8 million U.S. dollars in option premiums when they left the colony, which illustrates how risky trading commodity options can be. The PCE was founded at a time when Chinese and European investors were looking for new investment opportunities following the disastrous decline of the colony's stock exchanges in early 1973. The link between the PCE case in Hong Kong and the Puts & Calls Inc. case in California is also described.

The article analyzes the possible impact of the Japanese government's enactment of a law that empowers the government to take over business during an emergency such as war. The law is of interest to the U.S. because of the substantial flow of U.S. goods to Japan and the similarity of the law to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's emergency-power proposal. The law also affects Japan's trade relations with China.

The article reports that China's underperforming capital markets are stifling creative innovation and scientific progress in that country. Most of China's capital funding goes to state-owned or subsidized companies. A paper from the International Monetary Fund questions the veracity of data on China's credit risk.

Offers opinions on the presidential elections in Taiwan and their implications for relations between Taiwan and China. Threats of military action from China if pro-independence candidate Chen Shui-bian is elected; Suggestion that the United States needs to show consistency in dealings with China and be willing to allow China into the World Trade Organization; Outlook for the situation.

The article reports that the plans of U.S. President Richard M. Nixon to visit China in February 1972 have revived an issue concerning U.S. claims for assets that were allegedly seized by Communists. U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers will accompany Nixon to China and will bring a briefing paper on claims should the topic arise during their visit. Several companies have claims including Shanghai Power Co., Western District Power Co., and Esso Standard.

The article offers new briefs related to the business scenario of the Asian countries including Japan, and China. A China Merchants' stock exchange was opened in Shanghai, China, with the aim of dealing in Chinese government bonds, and the stocks of leading Chinese banks, public utilities, and similar securities. According to the representatives of the Ford Motor Co. in Japan the company is considering the establishment of a manufacturing plant within the country.

The article discusses economic issues being settled by the League of Nations regarding the conflict between China and Japan on the control of Mukden, the capital of the Chinese region of Manchuria. Information on Japanese investments in Manchuria is presented, noting that the Japanese nationals who operate businesses in the region are continuously demanding for protection of their business. The interest of other countries like the U.S. and Soviet Union in the economic opportunities in Manchuria is also described.

This article points out that U.S. businesses operating in China will be at a competitive disadvantage with Japanese businesses. Japanese military occupation of Chinese cities, such as Shanghai, has enabled Japanese businesses to dominate the competition from foreign businesses such as the U.S.'s. U.S. businesses that are expected or have already posted losses are the Universal Leaf Tobacco Co., National City Bank of New York and American Express Co.

The article presents the China Aid Act to help reconstruct China's rural community. The act recommends improving China's feudal agricultural by introducing irrigation system and land reform. According to the article, land reform may remove Communist threats in China. The U.S. government is helping the Chinese government enforce land reform to the country.

The article reports on the efforts of the U.S. government to prevent Red China from earning badly needed dollars by the government's crack down on contraband trade that reach the U.S. through Macao, Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea.

The article reports on the problems that may prevent China from becoming a world superpower, including widespread pollution, lack of consumer protection and social services, and bureaucratic corruption. The article blames unstructured economic growth for most of China's problems and explains measures the Chinese government has taken to correct these issues. The article details the shortcomings of the Chinese State Food & Drug Administration (SEPA).

Comments on the protest of Hong Kong citizens to the government's proposal for tougher national security laws. Opinion that the Chinese-backed administration should listen to the protests; Discussion of Hong Kong's value as an international business center; Issues that concern citizens including the measures to be taken by the government to what it considers treason or subversion against China; How citizens fear control of free speech and political activity similar to that in China.

The article focuses on capitalist Yang Yuanqing, the chairman of Lenovo Group Ltd., the leading personal computer company in China. A discussion of Yuanqing's involvement in the development of Lenovo Group into the world's third largest personal computer manufacturer from Legend Group Ltd., which was one of China's first capitalist enterprises, is presented. INSET: Yang Yuanqing.

The article focuses on the concealment of employee exploitation at factories in China. Comments from retailers and factory officials related to the conditions in Chinese factories are provided. Various examples of factory violations including child labor and insufficient wages are discussed. According to the article, factories are able to trick auditors with false records and by hiding additional violations. INSETS: GAMING THE SYSTEM;Nike Factory;Hannah Jones of Nike

The article focuses on an increase in research and development laboratories which are being seen in China. An initiative to increase the number of laboratories in China which is being led by President Hu Jintao is discussed. The Chinese government is exhorting companies to transform China by focusing on the lab as well as the factory by pledging to increase funding to the laboratories. INSETS: On the Cutting Edge;A Growing Cadre Of Code Warriors.

The article reports that American companies like Cisco, Oracle, Google, and Yahoo! are providing the Chinese government with software and equipment that can be used for surveillance on private citizens. The market for security equipment in China is huge, but companies are being criticized for helping to restrict human rights including freedom of speech.

This article discusses a growth in China's trade market and its effects on the global economy. Since entering the World Trade Organization in 2001 China has made strides in liberalizing its economy and has signed significant trading deals with the U.S, reducing the U.S.'s trade deficit. However, some American executives are concerned about China's refusal to revalue its currency, its weak enforcement of rampant piracy, and its continued use of weak credit to boost favored industries. INSET: Little Leverage.

The article focuses on business schools in China and the new managerial class that is in the making. The best programs are virtually identical to those of Western business schools. It is estimated that in five years China will need 75,000 executives with international experience compared with the 5,000 it has today. Unlike in the U.S., most executive management business administration students in China are already senior executives. The graduates of Chinese B-schools will provide a stead stream of local talent with in-depth knowledge of China. However, this will also mean that the West will be confronted with a powerful competitor. The article considers the importance of China's B-school explosion.

Offers a look at the initial public offering of China Construction Bank. Listing of China Construction Bank's shares overseas; Banks and investment banks, such as Bank of America Corporation, that have paid billions of dollars to buy into China's financial institutions; Desire of foreign investors to gain access to Chinese consumers in order to promote credit cards and mortgages.

Focuses on Chinese President Hu Jintao's trip to Washington D.C. where he will meet with U.S. President George W. Bush. View of many in the West that China, an economically ascendant nation, is destined for superpower status; Details of Hu's scripted trip to Washington, including a speech at Yale University, a visit to the United Nations and Microsoft Corp.'s headquarters; Hu's efforts to balance high-speed economic growth with social stability in China.

Focuses on workers rights in China. Review of how a grassroots movement of activists and lawyers are helping workers to attain their rights as employees; Statistics related to the new labor-rights revolution that is sweeping China; Influence of the Internet and cellular phone technology in the development of workers rights; Development of a network of training centers and legal aid clinics; Comments on the new labor movement from Robin Munro, research director at the China Labor Bulletin. INSET: Silicon Valley East.

Examines the global counterfeit business. Perception that the industry is out of control; Examples of counterfeit products on the market; Concerns of multinational companies; Scale of the threat; Efforts by multinationals to stop the spread of counterfeits; Suggestion that China is key to any solution; Difficulties slowing down counterfeiters; How the global counterfeit industry is starting to rival multinationals in speed, reach and sophistication; Diversification of sourcing and manufacturing across borders by counterfeiters; How the goods end up in the legitimate supply chain; Profits; Challenges getting cooperation from China; Legal sanctions; Counterfeiting's connection to organized crime. INSETS: THE GLOBAL COUNTERFEIT INDUSTRY...;...AND THE KEY STEPS TO FAKING IT.

Reports on China's frustration that Taiwan has not made substantial efforts to rejoin the mainland. Taiwanese resistance to Chinese control; Beijing's inability to maintain desired influence over political elections; Role of Chen Shui-bian and his pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party; Threat of military action by China; Possibility of United States Seventh Fleet deployment.

Discusses why U.S. manufacturers should worry about competition from China. Impact of Chinese imports on American manufacturing; Concerns of manufacturers and workers over China's low wages and high technology; Signs of a possible massive shift in economic power; Dispute over the economic relationship between the U.S. and China; Issue of outsourcing; Question of America's huge trade deficit; Observation that U.S. companies are no longer investing in new capacity at home; China's enormous domestic market and expansion of their export base; China's competitive advantages; How key elements of the U.S. industrial base are eroding; Areas where the Chinese have huge ambitions, including digital technologies. INSETS: THE CHINA CHALLENGE;THE CHINA PRICE.

Focuses on high technology industries in China, which are receiving more funding and may be expected to rival international markets by 2010. Relative lack of scientific or technological achievements by China as of 2002; Reasons that China may be competitive, including its manpower resources and its intention to excel in this sector; Success of its network equipment and cellular handset manufacturing industries; Role of Taiwan in its strategy; Its limited computer software industry; Outlook for success.

Analyses China from an economic and foreign relations standpoint. China's bid to join the World Trade Organization; Plans in China to offer financial services, to reduce import duties, and to allow foreign ownership of banks and other companies; China's potential as a manufacturing giant; Attempts to create a consumer class in China; Views of Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Premier Zhu Rongji on the role of foreign trade in China's development.

The article presents information on the trade relationship between China and the United States. A very constructive meeting in Washington with new U.S. Trade Representative Robert B. Zoellick had been concluded by Long Yongtu, chief trade negotiator of China. Both the countries had narrowed their differences over the agricultural and insurance issues. INSETS: TURNING UP THE HEAT: Bush and China;WHAT WTO ENTRY WILL DO;WHAT IT WON'T.

The article focuses on the implications of the Internet in changing the rules of power politics in countries worldwide. Special interest groups in the U.S. mobilize mass letter-writing campaigns to policymakers quickly and cheaply. Groups in China have surprised police by organizing rallies through the Web. Opposition media in Serbia/Kosovo stayed in operation after government seized their facilities using the Web to spread news of atrocities against Albanians.

The article discusses how the media in Hong Kong will be affected when China takes control on July 1, 1997. There is a nagging unease in Hong Kong among the media and those who deal in information. Journalists and editors are self-censoring, putting stories about Chinese dissidents and Hong Kong opposition politicians on inside pages or not running them at all. Hong Kong media tycoons seem too cozy with Chinese politicians and journalists from the mainland are suddenly showing up among senior staff of Hong Kong newspapers and television stations.

This article presents developments related to the economic policy and business in Germany and Hong kong. German Chancellor Helmut Kohl will institute tough austerity measures, such as freezing new government spending or cutting social benefits for public sector workers. In less than two years, newspaper Apple's circulation has soared in Hong kong, a result in part of a 1996 price war. Now, it claims as many sales as its rival, and it is about to open a new printing plant. With the extra capacity, it could print as many as 600,000 copies, leaving the Oriental Daily in the dust.

Focuses on the fate of Hong Kong's press after the Chinese takeover in 1997. Cancellation of Larry Feign's comic strip `The World of Lily Wong'; Disadvantages of Beijing's low tolerance for press coverage on international businesses in Hong Kong; Debates over press freedom and information flow; Stiff penalties to Hong Kong journalists apprehended by Beijing.