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Alguns estudos apontam para a existência de vulnerabilidades biológicas inatas masculinas, especialmente no período perinatal. Foi realizada uma análise transversal da mortalidade fetal brasileira segundo sexo, entre 2000 e 2009 (inclusive), conforme características maternas (idade, escolaridade e duração da gestação), utilizando-se dados disponibilizados pelos sistema DATASUS do Ministério da Saúde. Todos os óbitos fetais do período foram incluídos na análise, excetuando-se os casos em que o sexo do feto não foi declarado. A razão de masculinidade (RM) encontrada para os óbitos fetais foi de 1,188. As categorias mais relacionadas com maior risco (idade entre 10 e 14 anos, nenhuma escolaridade e gestação com menos de 22 semanas) apresentaram maior RM, sendo esses valores, em todos os casos, estatisticamente maiores do que os observados nas outras categorias analisadas (p < 0,05). Verificou-se RM estatisticamente maior (p < 0,05) ao esperado para 13 causas básicas de óbito e menor para duas. Os resultados encontrados pelo estudo apontam para uma possível vulnerabilidade biológica inata masculina.Some studies indicate the existence of innate male vulnerabilities, especially during the perinatal period. The current study is a cross-sectional analysis of fetal mortality in Brazil according to sex from 2000 to 2009, stratified by maternal characteristics (age, schooling, and gestational age), using Ministry of Health data (DATASUS). The analysis included all fetal deaths from 2000 to 2009, except when the sex of the fetus was not recorded. The male/female sex ratio (SR) for all fetal deaths was 1.188. Analysis of maternal characteristics showed that the SR was statistically higher (p < 0.01) in mothers that were younger (10-14 years), had no formal schooling, and with gestational age < 22 weeks. The study showed a statistically higher-than-expected SR (p < 0.01) for 13 underlying causes of death and a lower SR for two others. The results suggest a potential innate male vulnerability.

O objetivo foi identificar o efeito da gravidez na adolescência e outros fatores de risco para a mortalidade fetal e infantil no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma amostra de nascimentos do município, e as variáveis de exposição foram organizadas em níveis de hierarquia. Para óbito fetal, pré-natal adequado revelou efeito protetor, e morbidade materna aumentou seu risco. No óbito neonatal, pré-natal adequado e recém-nascido do sexo feminino foram fatores de proteção. No entanto, cor da pele da mãe preta ou parda, história prévia de nascido morto, morbidade materna e agressão física na gestação elevaram o risco. O baixo peso e a prematuridade foram corroborados como determinantes do óbito fetal e neonatal. No óbito pós-neonatal, o risco foi mais elevado na presença de maior número de gestações anteriores, morbidade na gestação e o baixo peso ao nascer. A gravidez na adolescência surgiu com um efeito direto para o óbito pós-neonatal. Os achados reafirmam a relevância das políticas sociais e de saúde voltadas para os adolescentes e a melhoria da atenção pré-natal.This article analyzes teenage pregnancy and other risk factors for fetal and infant mortality in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study included a sample of births in Rio de Janeiro, and exposure variables were organized hierarchically. For fetal death, the results showed the protective effect of adequate prenatal care, while maternal morbidity increased the risk. For neonatal death, adequate prenatal care and female gender in the newborn were protective factors, while black or brown maternal skin color, history of stillbirth, maternal morbidity, and physical aggression during the index pregnancy increased the risk. Low birth weight and prematurity were corroborated as determinants of fetal and neonatal death. Risk of post-neonatal death was highest with increased parity, intra-gestational morbidity, and low birth weight. Teenage pregnancy itself was an independent factor for post-neonatal death. The findings reaffirm the relevance of social and health policies targeting adolescents, as well as improvements in prenatal care.

A mortalidade fetal, apesar de elevada no Brasil, é pouco estudada quanto à sua determinação. Um estudo caso-controle aninhado foi feito para investigar os determinantes da mortalidade fetal em uma população usuária dos serviços públicos de uma região do Rio de Janeiro, de 2002 a 2004. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista com as puérperas e complementados em prontuários e cartões de pré-natal. Os casos foram óbitos fetais com peso igual ou superior a 500g e os controles foram nascidos vivos no mesmo período. Para análise estatística, usou-se um modelo hierárquico de fatores sócio-econômicos e psicossociais (nível distal), reprodutivos, comportamentais e assistenciais (intermediário) e características biológicas do feto (proximal). Destacaram-se vínculo empregatício, situação marital estável, acompanhante na admissão e pré-natal adequado como protetores de mortalidade fetal, enquanto violência doméstica, morbidade na gravidez e crescimento fetal restrito aumentaram o risco. O pré-natal se mostrou importante estratégia de redução do risco nesta população.Stillbirth rate is high in Brazil, and it is important to identify its determinants. A nested case-control was conducted to explore the determinants of fetal death in a population treated at public services in Rio de Janeiro from 2002 to 2004. Data were collected from mothers' interviews and medical records. A structured model was proposed to perform statistical analysis, attributing hierarchical levels: socioeconomic factors (distal level), reproductive, behavioral, and healthcare determinants (intermediate level), and fetal biological characteristics (proximal level). According to the findings, work stability, stable marital status, presence of a companion during admission, and adequate prenatal care had a protective effect against fetal death, while domestic violence, maternal morbidity, and intrauterine growth restriction increased the risk. Quality of prenatal care showed a large protective effect, thus becoming a key strategy for reducing fetal mortality in populations with low socioeconomic status.

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to describe fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality and associated factors in participants of the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. The child mortality sub-study followed up all deaths in the first year of life. Data were collected on intrauterine fetal deaths (weight ≥ 500g and/or gestational age ≥ 20 weeks), neonatal deaths (< 28 days of life), and post-neonatal deaths (from 28 days to the end of the first year of life). Descriptive analyses using the Pearson chi-square test and a multinomial logistic regression to estimate the risk of fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths compared to live infants in the cohort (reference group) were performed. Data from 4,329 eligible births were collected, of which 54 died during the fetal period. Of the 4,275 eligible live births, 59 died in the first year of life. An association between fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths (OR = 15.60, 7.63, and 5.51 respectively) was found, as well as less than six prenatal consultations. Compared to live infants, fetal deaths were more likely to occur in non-white mothers, and neonatal deaths were 14.09 times more likely to occur in a preterm gestational age (< 37 weeks). Compared to live infants, infants that were born in a C-section delivery had 3.71 increased odds of post-neonatal death. Additionally, neonatal deaths were 102.37 times more likely to have a low Apgar score on the fifth minute after birth. These findings show the need for early interventions during pregnancy, ensuring access to adequate prenatal care.

Some studies indicate the existence of innate male vulnerabilities, especially during the perinatal period. The current study is a cross-sectional analysis of fetal mortality in Brazil according to sex from 2000 to 2009, stratified by maternal characteristics (age, schooling, and gestational age), using Ministry of Health data (DATASUS). The analysis included all fetal deaths from 2000 to 2009, except when the sex of the fetus was not recorded. The male/female sex ratio (SR) for all fetal deaths was 1.188. Analysis of maternal characteristics showed that the SR was statistically higher (p < 0.01) in mothers that were younger (10-14 years), had no formal schooling, and with gestational age < 22 weeks. The study showed a statistically higher-than-expected SR (p < 0.01) for 13 underlying causes of death and a lower SR for two others. The results suggest a potential innate male vulnerability.

This study aimed to evaluate the completeness of data on nine items included in both the certificate of live birth (CLB) and death certificate (DC), as well as the retrieval of data on early neonatal deaths. The study assessed live birth and early neonatal and fetal death records in municipalities in the Ribeirão Preto Region, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2000 to 2007. Database matching for live births and deaths allowed retrieving data on early neonatal deaths. Data completion was good on the CLB and poor on the DC. Retrieval of data related to mortality was satisfactory, except for maternal schooling, number of live born children, and stillbirths. The findings highlight the need to improve completion of the DC and showed that the retrieval process improved the completeness of data from the database on early neonatal deaths. The use of reports on local investigation of deaths is recommended as a strategy to make mortality databases more complete.

This article analyzes teenage pregnancy and other risk factors for fetal and infant mortality in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study included a sample of births in Rio de Janeiro, and exposure variables were organized hierarchically. For fetal death, the results showed the protective effect of adequate prenatal care, while maternal morbidity increased the risk. For neonatal death, adequate prenatal care and female gender in the newborn were protective factors, while black or brown maternal skin color, history of stillbirth, maternal morbidity, and physical aggression during the index pregnancy increased the risk. Low birth weight and prematurity were corroborated as determinants of fetal and neonatal death. Risk of post-neonatal death was highest with increased parity, intra-gestational morbidity, and low birth weight. Teenage pregnancy itself was an independent factor for post-neonatal death. The findings reaffirm the relevance of social and health policies targeting adolescents, as well as improvements in prenatal care.

Stillbirth rate is high in Brazil, and it is important to identify its determinants. A nested case-control was conducted to explore the determinants of fetal death in a population treated at public services in Rio de Janeiro from 2002 to 2004. Data were collected from mothers' interviews and medical records. A structured model was proposed to perform statistical analysis, attributing hierarchical levels: socioeconomic factors (distal level), reproductive, behavioral, and healthcare determinants (intermediate level), and fetal biological characteristics (proximal level). According to the findings, work stability, stable marital status, presence of a companion during admission, and adequate prenatal care had a protective effect against fetal death, while domestic violence, maternal morbidity, and intrauterine growth restriction increased the risk. Quality of prenatal care showed a large protective effect, thus becoming a key strategy for reducing fetal mortality in populations with low socioeconomic status.