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The author explores the question-was a quota applied to the admission of women to the medical school of the University of Toronto? She uses a variety of sources, including class photographs, archives, statistics, personal recollections, and oral history. The existence of a quota from 1944 to 1968 is inferred from statistical patterns and confirmed by a surprising source. In closing, the historiographie implications of this project for research on other politically charged topics are considered.

In 1914, Progressive Era reformer Irving Fisher and wealthy contractor Harold Ley founded the Life Extension Institute (LEI), a business venture organized to address the problems of American health. For approximately two decades, from 1914 until the death of its medical director in 1931, the Life Extension Institute widely promoted its health maintenance program of annual physical examinations and health literature. The advertised goal of the LEI was to extend life without old age, as well as improve masculinity and good business practices through adherence to health principles. The first two decades of activities of the Life Extension Institute offer a window for examining early twentiethcentury ideas about the relationships between health, old age, and masculinity. The LEI literature constructed a picture of healthy, vigorous, and efficient American working men that helped to cement ideals of masculinity to ideals of health.