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Historians have paid relatively little attention to labour's involvement in radio reform in the United States. Unions criticized the poor quality of programming and the lack of public service. They were also concerned about corporate control of radio and particularly about labour's lack of access. After briefly examining organized labour's initial efforts to reform radio, this paper focuses on the key role unions played in the postwar media reform movement, which advocated a listeners rights approach to broadcasting. This concept, along with a commitment to localism, diversity, and community involvement, was among the key ideas championed by media reformers in postwar America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript was discovered among Harold Innis's unpublished writings in his papers at the University of Toronto Archives (B72-0025/025). It bears the title and description given above, and is six and one-half single-spaced pages in length in a 10-point font. The manuscript is not accompanied by any material explaining its context and origins. However, a number of letters referring to it were located within Innis's correspondence (B72-0025/002 and B72-0025/003). (Details on these letters are provided in an article by Buxton and Dickens in this issue of CJC.) Aside from the adjustment of the pagination (the original page breaks have been indicated with consecutive numbers in square brackets) and the justification of the text, the only major change made to the typescript of the address has been the addition of endnotes (there are no references listed in the original transcript). These not only indicate (as far as possible) the sources that Innis used for his quotes, but provide information about persons, journals, organizations, events, and various other phenomena referred to by Innis, many of which would not be familiar to the contemporary reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Canada, as elsewhere, introspective and nostalgic views of community and nation-state are being challenged by the impacts of globalism and cosmopolitanism. The impact of these transformations is acute in the context of Canada, where a liberal multiculturalism is transmuting into a hybrid pluralism. Current strategies of identity formation have to accommodate a hybridity that is being fostered by an ever-increasing diasporic population for whom "lived-in places" exhibit transnationalist connections. Too often, established mnemonic tropes relate to past iconic values and norms of the nation-state, even though they are no longer connected with emerging new values that search for new modes of expression. This paper discusses the crucial role of the arts and heritage in this local anchoring of the transnational polity, arguing that symbolic landscapes become sites where new values are contested and traditional iconic values are challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences (The Massey Commission, 1949-1951) is widely seen to be Canada's most important position paper on national cultural policy. This article explores the relation of this significant document to UNESCO and its characteristic discourse of "cultural relations." Not only did UNESCO appear in the terms of reference for the Massey Commission Report, but it also was a repeated touchstone for submissions to the Commission. This overlooked international aspect of the Massey Commission underscores the connection between politics and culture in Cold War Canada providing a clear case of how international political language becomes entangled with--and helps to legitimize--artistic and cultural endeavours. The combination of the discussion of education and culture with that of development and trade allowed Canada to reconsider its position on public funding for the arts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nikkei Internment Memorial Centre (NIMC), located in new Denver, BC, is a small-scale community-initiated preservation project that materialized from the efforts of 20 previously interned Japanese Canadian residents. The site preserves architectural remnants from several original internment shacks established in this area during World War II. This paper examines the presence of gardens, common at heritage sites such as this one, and raises the question of how gardens, as living things, embody memory. In so doing it reflects on the research approach appropriate to such a vexed site of collective trauma, through the notion of tender research. This article features online (http:// www.cjc-online.ca) photographs of the Nikkei Internment Memorial Centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of the Internet, fans have engaged in a variety of online discussions related to their interests: newsgroups in the "alt.music" and "alt.fan" categories are full of groups devoted to specific music genres and individual stars. But what is of interest in this context is the transformation of those other, more-or-less organized, "official" fan clubs, where the tensions between fandom and organized consumption are most evident. In this regard, online fan clubs have taken on a new dynamic: marked by the appearance of a more direct form of dialogue between artist and fans and a more regular, even daily, ability to connect both artists with fans and fans with one another, fan clubs are now regarded as a new kind of "community" by some and a new source of revenue by others. This paper discusses how Internet fan clubs have become an important mediating factor in relationships between fans and artists, and between fans themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper calls for a cultural analysis of the World Wide Web through a focus on the technical layers that shape the Web as a medium. Web technologies need to be acknowledged as not only shaped by social processes, but also deployed, through standardization and automation, as agents that render representation possible by following specific technocultural logics. Thus, the focus is on the relationship between hardware, software, and culture through an analysis of the layers of encoding that translate data into discourse, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents emerging findings based on 35 semi-structured interviews conducted with children and youth from the research project Children, Young People, and New Media in the Home. The objective of this research is to examine young people's use of the Internet by focusing on the overall media environment at home. Our study indicates that while children and young people are active and intrepid Internet surfers, they use the Internet to extend their local and school-based social ties, and that they have very little concern for offensive or illegal content issues. We argue that these experiences of children and young people need to be considered an intrinsic facet of Canadian Internet policy development treating children and young people as valid and active citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Web-based discussion in an online policy consultation and examines specific discourse features to evaluate how the concept of civility served to shape public discourse in a moderated, rule-based forum. The study results reveal that citizen participants in the case study under consideration developed, maintained, and enforced norms of civil discourse, and that these norms helped to promote understanding and consensus-building. The study also cautions that civil dialogue alone cannot ensure effective communication between governments and citizens. Civil dialogue can be used to marginalize some participants, and it does not necessarily allow dialogue participants to effectively transmit their opinions to government decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results from a study on virtual communities of practice (CoPs) in Canada and highlights the main consequences of these new modes of communication, work organization, and knowledge creation through two case studies,' which are analyzed in detail. The two case studies reveal the different effects observed and offer possible explanations for the variations in the results. Several factors explain the success of one community of practice and the relative difficulties involved in the other. In the first case, the participants were all volunteers and showed high levels of engagement and motivation to attain their objectives. In the second case, the participants were appointed and their project was somewhat more diffuse; the CoP experienced a turnover in leadership, contributing to a lesser degree of motivation and little interest in cominunicating with each other as a means of creating knowledge. This analysis contributes to organizational literature by highlighting some organizational conditions that lead to different effects in "virtual," or telecommuting, communities of practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper undertakes a case study into the impact of corporate concentration on the newsroom at CKCK (CTV) Television in Regina, Saskatchewan. By comparing the newsgathering operation from the late 1980s with the one in operation today, changes to the organizational and technological structure of CKCK Television are pinpointed with respect to the effects on the work lives of journalists. This is accomplished through interviews with past and present employees and by observing the newsroom environment as it exists today. Through an assessment of daily work structures and the controls that are institutionally imposed, the manner in which journalists serve the public good is considered and questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines newspaper coverage of electricity restructuring in Ontario (1995-2002). This news coverage came to be dominated by the claims of government officials and industry insiders that the public electricity system was in a state of crisis that demanded responses based on principles of market competition and private ownership. By the time these responses were undertaken, however, the issue of electricity restructuring had become more urgent to the public and its framing in the press more diverse and contentious. This paper aims to describe this shift and explain some of its possible causes and effects. It considers how a government policy program that once appeared to be a fait accompli could so quickly become an abysmal failure-as both a policy initiative and an exercise in political communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toronto is experiencing a building boom, with eight major cultural construction projects in the works. These new monuments, part of what the City of Toronto calls its "Cultural Renaissance" are intended to bolster the city's reputation as an international economic and cultural capital. Albeit architecturally important, these buildings are better understood in the context of contemporary patterns of global economic competition and the changing role of culture in capitalist production. They also assert national identity and reflect a reorientation of Canadian cultural policy. This paper analyzes Toronto's "Cultural Renaissance" in light of changing cultural policies at the municipal, provincial, and federal levels, examining the role these new buildings will play in terms of promoting cultural tourism, city "branding," and nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions about the social shaping of technology are explored by com- paring direct broadcasting satellite policy in two very different countries. Canada has a vast geography, low population density, extreme ethnic and linguistic diversity, and close proximity and long-time cooperation with its neighbour, the United States. South Korea is centralized around Seoul, has a high population density, is relatively homogenous culturally and ethnically, and has a history of conflict with the country sharing a common border. The specific goals set for satellite broadcasting arising from these differing national contexts are explored. The paper also compares services and audiences in South Korea and Canada, and it asks what these cases can illustrate about the relationship between industry, policy, audiences, and the shaping of a new media technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless E9-I-i is an interesting case in the capacity of industry voluntary efforts to meet public interest obligations, in part because the CRTC has largely forborne from regulating the wireless sector under current competition policy. Results to date are mixed: despite successful technical trials in the early stages, deployment of the service was slow and uneven, and proceedings came to be plagued by uncertainty and fractious debate between stakeholder groups. Evidence suggests that selective regulatory intervention in the wireless sector may be necessary in certain cases to ensure that public interest obligations are achieved in a timely manner. This paper examines wireless E9- 1-1 as a keystone standardization initiative, drawing upon a layered policy model and the concept of interconnection space to structure its analysis of the evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific, technical, and medical (STM) publishing has been changing over the past 10 years. In Canada it has multiple business models that differ significantly from those in the humanities and social sciences. STM publishing worldwide is dominated by a few major publishers but is also very dispersed. The introduction of electronic publishing has changed the business model. This paper presents the results of a reader and author survey and discusses the implications of these results for STM publishers and their library clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often metadata applications concentrate on either searching or browsing. Two completely independent prototypes covering both searching and conceptual browsing (with overlapping functionality) have been built as part of the Omnipaper project: one using RDF and one using the Topic Maps family of technologies. This paper will present the full RDF prototype, with particular emphasis on the homogeneity provided by the use of RDF (together with RDF-S) in both approaches. The Omnipaper Resource Description Framework (RDF) prototype handles both these approaches and builds a coherent semantic meta- data layer that may be used as a basis for all other prototypes of the Omnipaper project. As a future phase of the project, the main features to be added to the project's final prototype will be multilinguality and personalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Scholarly communication and publishing are increasingly taking place in the electronic environment With a growing proportion of the scholarly record now existing only in digital format, serious and pressing issues regarding access and preservation are being raised that are central to future scholarship. At the same time, the desire of scholars to maximize readership of their research and to take control of the scholarly communication process back from the restrictive domain of commercial publishing has prompted the proliferation of access options and experimental models of publishing. This paper examines the emerging trend of university-based institutional repositories (IRs) designed to capture the scholarly output of an institution and to maximize the research impact of this output. The relationship of this trend to the open access movement is discussed and challenges and opportunities for using IRs to promote new modes of scholarship are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special issue of the "Canadian Journal of Communication" on Harold Adams Innis includes two different perspectives—first, a series of constructive engagements with Innis approach, and second, a biographical interest in some of the moments within his life. For those readers unfamiliar with Innis' work, Menahem Blondheim's paper "Discovering the Significance of Communication: Harold Adams Innis as Social Constructivist" will serve as an excellent primer. Blondheim begins by reminding that in his time, Innis was Canada's leading economic historian and political economist-renowned for his historical case studies of staples industries such as the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Atlantic cod fishery, and the tiff trade. Innis is remembered chiefly for his late schematic works on the role of communication processes and technology in the development of civilization. In the last years of his life, Innis sketched out a vast landscape of communication history in a series of public lectures and two monographs, "Empire and Communications" and "The Bias of Communication."

Cocaine and tobacco occupy opposite ends of a legal continuum that is narrowing due to diminishing acceptance of cigarette smoking and increasing restrictions on tobacco sales, use, and promotion. This paper compares Canadian newspaper coverage of the two drugs with reference to the main themes, information sources, and policy positions presented in the late 1980s and late 1990s. Further content analysis, of 1998-2002 opinion-editorials, documents recent developments in print media representations of the debates around use and control of these substances. Most notably, in contrast to earlier drug panics, the authors find a more sophisticated range of perspectives encroaching on the moral-legal distinctions and distortions that mark public discourse on all drugs. Lécart entre la manière dont la loi traite l'utilisation de la cocaïme et celle du tabac est en train de diminuer à cause de l'acceptation réduite du tabac et des restrictions croissantes sur sa vente, son utilisation et sa promotion. Cet article compare la couverture des deux drogues dans les journaux canadiens en indiquant quels en étaient les thèmes principaux, les sources d'information et les prises de position à la fin des années 80 et 90. Une analyse de contenu supplémentaire, d'éditoriaux datant de 1998-2002, recense le développement dans la presse écrite de débats entourant l'utilisation et le contrô1e de ces substances. Les auteurs remarquent notamment un éventail de perspectives qui sont plus sophistiquées par rapport aux paniques suscitées par la drogue dans le passé et qui commencent à déplacer les distinctions et distorsions morales/légales typiques du discours public sur toutes les drogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the origins of the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN) and highlights current trends in indigenous film and television production. Indigenous film and television narratives are rooted in storytelling traditions and oral culture. They describe histories and communities, and highlight critical issues from land claims to language preservation. In spite of their local focus, film and television programs are also closely linked to global production modes through co-productions and international distribution. This results in a dichotomous dynamic: While First Nation producers are dedicated to preserving Aboriginal cultures, they also partake in the development of global cultural production. Cet article retrace les origines de l'Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN) et souligne certaines tendances actuelles dans la réalisation de films et d'émissions de té1évision autochtones. Les narrations filmiques et té1évisuelles autochtoues ont leurs sources dans une tradition de conteurs et une culture orale. Elles décrivent des communautés et leurs histoires, et soulignent des questions critiques allant des revendications territoriales à la préservation de la langue. En dépit de leur caractère local, les films et les émissions de té1évision sont étroitement liés è des modes de production mondiaux au moyen de coproductions et de distribution internationale. Cette situation crée une dynamique dichotomique : les réalisateurs des Premières Nations, tout en se consacrant à préserver les cultures autochtones, participent au développement d'une production culturelle mondiale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten years after the emergence of the World Wide Web, the implications of new digital technologies for the news and public information function of the media are still a topic of vigorous debate. This paper, which is merely a preliminary report on an unfinished review of the literature pre-dating that event, revisits some of the critical analyses that had been articulated about the new digital media when the Web emerged. The intent of this larger, not-yet-completed project is to evaluate some major tendencies, already mapped a decade ago by research in the political economy of telecommunication, against the actual outcomes of the intervening decade of development and use of the new digital technologies of information and communication. Where the early predictions are confirmed, this re-evaluation may provide a simple means to distinguish persistent structural distortions in the public information environment from transitory or local effects, superficial influences, and alarmist predictions. Where the early results are refuted or less clearly confirmed, it may provide insight into the limits of political-economic methods of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telework is seen as a way to reduce traffic congestion and urban pollution, as a new mode of work organization, and oftentimes as a way of balancing work and family. Our research not only provides a picture of teleworkers in Canada, but also goes beyond the non-gendered percentages which are more frequent in the analyses. This reveals an interesting fact, which we call a gendered segmentation of telework or telecommuting. In this paper, we stress the gendered differences in the type of work done, differentiations in tasks, in the autonomy of the decision to telecommute, as well as differentiations in work organization. We show that work organization and tasks are differentiated according to gender and we will see that while the practice of telework is gendered in types of task and time spent at home, the motives for telework, advantages and disadvantages, are similar for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A certain manner of framing totalizing critical takes on television has become common over the last few decades. It entails reference to the assumptions of cultural highbrows and of leftists contemptuous of mass popular culture. Such a framing is necessary but not sufficient. It fails to indicate the presence and significance of certain critical-popular responses to television viewing, responses related to how such viewing has figured within family circles and gender orders, and within histories of racial rule. This paper draws on representations in feminist fiction, on personal experience related to the ritual of "hockey night in Canada," and on Strikwerda and May's analysis of male friendship and intimacy to support the argument that we need to attend to critical-popular feminist takes on television rejection. They provide a way in to the consideration of issues which deserve further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]