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A 77-year-old transgender man (assigned female sex at birth, gender identity male, i.e. female-to-male) was referred for a palpable mass of the right chest wall. Biopsies revealed invasive lobular breast carcinoma. After discussion by a multidisciplinary tumour board meeting, the patient was treated with total mastectomy, adjuvant hypofractionated radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. At 1.5-year follow-up, there was no sign of recurrence or long-term radiation side effects. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of adjuvant hypofractionated radiation therapy in a transgender patient with breast cancer., (Copyright © 2024 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Stereotactic radiotherapy is a very hypofractionated radiotherapy (>7.5Gy per fraction), and therefore is more likely to induce late toxicities than conventional normofractionated irradiations. The present study examines four frequent and potentially serious late toxicities: brain radionecrosis, radiation pneumonitis, radiation myelitis, and radiation-induced pelvic toxicities. The critical review focuses on the toxicity scales, the definition of the dose constrained volume, the dosimetric parameters, and the non-dosimetric risk factors. The most commonly used toxicity scales remain: RTOG/EORTC or common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE). The definition of organ-at-risk volume requiring protection is often controversial, which limits the comparability of studies and the possibility of accurate dose constraints. Nevertheless, for the brain, whatever the indication (arteriovenous malformation, benign tumor, metastasis of solid tumors...), the association between the volume of brain receiving 12Gy (V12Gy) and the risk of cerebral radionecrosis is well established for both single and multi-fraction stereotactic irradiation. For the lung, the average dose received by both lungs and the V20 seem to correlate well with the risk of radiation-induced pneumonitis. For the spinal cord, the maximum dose is the most consensual parameter. Clinical trial protocols are useful for nonconsensual dose constraints. Non-dosimetric risk factors should be considered when validating the treatment plan., (Copyright © 2023 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Despite recent advances, the prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinomas remains poor, even for patients with resectable tumors. For these latter, new approaches based on neoadjuvant treatment have been developed. Two components are used: chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT). Indeed, pre-operative RT has many advantages in terms of efficacy and tolerance. It increases notably the chances of subsequent complete tumor resection. Several prospective trials are currently ongoing to clarify its place in the therapeutic arsenal. Another crucial question is to know which is the best RT technique: conventional normofractionated chemoradiotherapy or hypofrationated stereotactic body RT?, (Copyright © 2022 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

We present the updated recommendations of the French society of oncological radiotherapy for rectal cancer radiotherapy. The standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer consists in chemoradiotherapy followed by radical surgery with total mesorectal resection and adjuvant chemotherapy according to nodal status. Although this strategy efficiently reduced local recurrences rates below 5% in expert centres, functional sequelae could not be avoided resulting in 20 to 30% morbidity rates. The early introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has proven beneficial in recent trials, in terms of recurrence free and metastasis free survivals. Complete pathological responses were obtained in 15% of tumours treated by chemoradiation, even reaching up to 30% of tumours when neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated to chemoradiotherapy. These good results question the relevance of systematic radical surgery in good responders. Personalized therapeutic strategies are now possible by improved imaging modalities with circumferential margin assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, by intensity modulated radiotherapy and by refining surgical techniques, and contribute to morbidity reduction. Keeping the same objectives, ongoing trials are now evaluating therapeutic de-escalation strategies, in particular rectal preservation for good responders after neoadjuvant treatment, or radiotherapy omission in selected cases (Greccar 12, Opera, Norad)., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

We present the update of the recommendations of the French society of oncological radiotherapy on radiotherapy of pancreatic tumors. Currently, the use of radiation therapy for patients with pancreatic cancer is subject to discussion. In the adjuvant setting, the standard treatment is six months of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracile, irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Chemoradiation may improve the survival of patients with incompletely resected tumours (R1). This remains to be confirmed by a prospective trial. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation is a promising treatment especially for patients with borderline resectable tumours. For patients with locally advanced tumours, there is no standard. An induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation for non progressive patients reduces the rate of local relapse. Whereas in the first trials of chemoradiation large fields were used, the treated volumes have been reduced to improve tolerance. Tumour movements induced by breathing should be taken in account. Intensity modulated radiation therapy allows a reduction of doses to the organs at risk. Whereas widely used, this technique has poor evidence-based recommendation. Stereotactic body radiation therapy is also being studied, as a neoadjuvant or exclusive treatment., (Copyright © 2021 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

We present the update of the recommendations of the French society for radiation oncology on external radiotherapy and brachytherapy of anal canal carcinoma. The following guidelines are presented: indications, treatment procedure, as well as dose and dose-constraints objectives, immediate postoperative management, post-treatment evaluation, and long-term follow-up., (Copyright © 2021 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

For many years, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy remained essential in the therapeutic management of gastric and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. For these tumours, surgical excision, the only hope of offering the patient prolonged survival, is only possible in 20% of cases. The median survival of operated patients is only 12 to 20 months due to the frequency of locoregional and/or metastatic recurrences. For stomach cancers, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is justified by the results of the phase III trial Intergroup 0116 published by MacDonald et al. The gain in survival was at the cost of significant toxicity. This treatment was supplanted in the early 2000s by perioperative chemotherapy. Currently, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy clinical studies are ongoing with the aim of improving treatments observance and tolerance. For pancreatic cancers, the role of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy has long been discussed because of trials with contradictory results. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy has many advantages in terms of efficacy and tolerance. It increases the chances of subsequent complete tumour resection. Several prospective trials are currently ongoing to clarify its place in the therapeutic arsenal., (Copyright © 2020 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Since accelerated partial breast irradiation has demonstrated non-inferiority to whole breast irradiation regarding recurrence rate in patients with early stage breast cancer, our objective was to compare its impact on short-term adverse events, patient satisfaction and costs., Materials and Methods: Patients with early stage breast cancer treated by breast-conserving surgery between 2007 and 2012 were included: 48 women who received three-dimensional conformal accelerated partial breast irradiation in a multicentre phase-II trial were paired with 48 patients prospectively treated with whole breast irradiation. Adverse events, and patients' opinions concerning cosmesis, satisfaction and pain, were gathered 1 month after treatment. Direct and indirect costs were collected from the French National Health Insurance System perspective until the end of radiotherapy., Results: When comparing its impact, skin reactions occurred in 37% of patients receiving three-dimensional conformal accelerated partial breast radiotherapy and 60% of patients receiving whole breast irradiation (P=0.07); 98% were very satisfied in the group three-dimensional conformal accelerated partial breast radiotherapy versus 46% in the group treated with whole breast irradiation (P<0.001); direct costs were significantly lower in the group treated with partial breast irradiation (mean cost: 2510€ versus 5479€/patient), due to less radiation sessions., Conclusion: In patients with early-stage breast cancer, partial irradiation offered a good alternative to whole breast irradiation, as it was less expensive and satisfactory. These, and the clinical safety and tolerance results, need to be confirmed by long-term accelerated partial breast irradiation results in on-going phase III trials., (Copyright © 2019 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

At diagnosis, about 15% of patients with pancreatic cancer present with a resectable tumour, 50% have a metastatic tumour, and 25% a locally advanced tumor (non-metastatic but unresectable due to vascular invasion) or borderline resectable. Despite the technical progress made in the field of radiation therapy and the improvement of the efficacy of chemotherapy, the prognosis of these patients remains very poor. Recently, the role of radiation therapy in the management of pancreatic cancer has been much debated. This review aims to evaluate the role of radiation therapy for these patients., (Copyright © 2018 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Adjuvant radiotherapy is the pillar of breast conserving surgery. Its omission is related with a higher risk of local recurrence and of breast cancer related or non-related mortality. It is of paramount importance to guarantee this treatment is fully administered to all patients after breast conserving surgery, including the elderly. In the last three decades several hypofractionated treatment schemes have shown their non-inferiority, allowing for treatment time reduction facilitating adhesion to treatment and reducing radiotherapy burden. This review focuses on the schemes and indications which have been validated by large phase 3 trials and those which are still under evaluation., (Copyright © 2018 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a common disease affecting the hematopoietic organs. The disease remains classically indolent for years preceding a blast crisis. However, the disease can affect all parts of the body. We report here an unusual localization., Case Presentation: A 72-year-old man was followed for 2 years for an indolent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia while he presented a rapidly progressive dysuria. Prostate biopsies were performed concluding to a prostate involvement by the chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In the absence of progression according to RAI staging system and Binet's classification, he was treated with local low-dose radiotherapy, twice 2 Gy, allowing for a rapid resolution of the symptoms. No systemic treatment was introduced, and 1 year after the completion of his treatment, he is still under watchful waiting strategy for his chronic lymphocytic leukaemia., Conclusion: Low-dose radiotherapy is an underused effective strategy in indolent lymphoma. In this case, urinary symptoms from a prostate involvement were relieved non-invasively at low cost., (Copyright © 2016 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Concomitant chemoradiation followed by brachytherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancers. The place of adjuvant hysterectomy remains unclear but tends to be limited to incomplete responses to radiotherapy or local relapse. The aim was to analyse the benefit from immediate salvage surgery following radiation therapy in incomplete responders., Methods: Among the patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with concomitant chemoradiation followed by 3D image-guided adaptive brachytherapy and hysterectomy, cases with genuine macroscopic remnant, defined as at least 1cm in width, were identified. Their clinical data and outcomes were retrospectively reviewed and compared to the patients treated with the same modalities., Results: Fifty-eight patients were included, with a median follow-up of 4.2 years. After hysterectomy, 9 patients had macroscopic residual disease, 10 microscopic and the remaining 39 patients were considered in complete histological response. The 4-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were significantly decreased in patients with macroscopic residual disease: 50 and 51% versus 92% and 93%, respectively. Intestinal grades 3-4 toxicities were reported in 10.4% and urinary grades 3-4 in 8.6% in the whole population without distinctive histological features. Planning aims were reached in only one patient with macroscopic residuum (11.1%). In univariate analysis, overall treatment time (>55 days) and histological subtype (adenocarcinomas or adenosquamous carcinomas) appeared to be significant predictive factors for macroscopic remnant after treatment completion (P=0.021 and P=0.017, respectively). In multivariate analysis, treatment time was the only independent factor (P=0.046, odds ratio=7.0)., Conclusions: Although immediate salvage hysterectomy in incomplete responders provided a 4-year disease-free survival of 51%, its impact on late morbidity is significant. Efforts should focus on respect of treatment time and dose escalation. Adenocarcinoma might require higher high-risk clinical target volume planning aims., (Copyright © 2015 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

Adjuvant radiotherapy, after breast conserving surgery or mastectomy for breast cancer, improves overall survival while decreasing the risk of recurrence. However, prophylactic postoperative radiotherapy of locoregional lymph nodes for breast cancer, particularly of the axillary region, is still controversial since the benefits and the risks due to axillary irradiation have not been well defined. To begin with, when performing conformal radiotherapy, volume definition is crucial for the analysis of the risk-benefit balance of any radiation treatment. Definition and contouring of the axillary lymph node region is discussed in this work, as per the recommendations of the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO). Axillary recurrences are rare, and the recent trend leads toward less aggressive surgery with regard to the axilla. In this literature review we present the data that lead us to avoid adjuvant axillary radiotherapy in pN0, pN0i+ and pN1mi patients even without axillary clearance and to perform it in some other situations. Finally, we propose an update about the potential toxicity of adjuvant axillary irradiation, which is essential for therapeutic decision-making based on current evidence, and to guide us in the evolution of our techniques and indications of axillary radiotherapy., (Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier SAS.)

Purpose: To report the application of the global risk analysis (GRA) in the pulsed-dose rate (PDR) brachytherapy workflow., Material and Methods: Analyses were led by a multidisciplinary working group established within the unit with the guidance of a quality engineer. First, a mapping of hazardous situations was developed as a result of interactions between the patient workflow for a treatment using PDR brachytherapy split into 51 sub-phases with a comprehensive list of the hazards that he/she faces (44). Interactions, when relevant, were sorted by level of priority: to be treated immediately, secondarily (the group is not entitled to treat the situation), or later (safe situation). Secondly, for each high priority dangerous situation, scenarios were developed to anticipate their potential consequences. Criticality was assessed, using likelihood and severity scales and a matrix, which allocated risks into categories: acceptable (C1), tolerable under control (C2) and unacceptable (C3). Then, corrective actions were proposed and planned when relevant, after assessment of their feasibility with a scale of effort. Finally, the criticality of the scenarios was reevaluated, taking into account the implementation of these actions, leading to a residual risk mapping, which could trigger additional proposals of actions., Results: Two thousand one hundred and eighty-four potential interactions between the list of hazards and the workflow were analyzed. Mapping of dangerous situations identified 213 relevant interactions, from which 61 were considered with high priority. One hundred and twenty-six scenarios were generated: 68 with a low criticality (74.3%), 58 with an intermediate score (25.7%). No scenario with the highest criticality was individualized. Twenty-one corrective actions were planned. Mapping of residual risk resulted in the disappearance of most C2 risks, leaving 5 C2 scenarios (4%), for which four monitoring indicators were implemented in addition to the corrected actions decided on., Conclusion: The implementation of the GRA appeared feasible, and led to implement 21 corrective actions, based on scenarios and not on incidents., (Copyright © 2015 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The implementation of image-guided brachytherapy in cervical cancer raises the problem of adapting the experience acquired with 2D brachytherapy to this technique. The GEC-ESTRO (Groupe européen de curiethérapie - European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology) has recommended reporting the dose delivered to the rectum in the maximally exposed 2 cm(3) volume, but so far, the recommended dose constraints still rely on 2D data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the doses evaluated at the ICRU rectal point and modern dosimetric parameters., Material and Methods: For each patient, dosimetric parameters were generated prospectively at the time of dosimetry and were reported. For analysis, they were converted in 2 Gy equivalent doses using an α/β ratio of 3 with a half-time of repair of 1.5 hours., Results: The dosimetric data from 229 consecutive patients treated for locally advanced cervical cancer was analyzed. The mean dose calculated at ICRU point (DICRU) was 55.75 Gy ± 4.15, while it was 59.27 Gy ± 6.16 in the maximally exposed 2 cm(3) of the rectum (P=0.0003). The D2 cm(3) was higher than the DICRU in 78% of the cases. The mean difference between D2 cm(3) and DICRU was 3.53 Gy ± 4.91. This difference represented 5.41% ± 7.40 of the total dose delivered to the rectum (EBRT and BT), and 15.49% ± 24.30 of the dose delivered when considering brachytherapy alone. The two parameters were significantly correlated (P=0.000001), and related by the equation: D2 cm(3)=0.902 × DICRU + 0.984. The r(2) coefficient was 0.369., Conclusion: In this large cohort of patients, the DICRU significantly underestimates the D2 cm(3). This difference probably results from the optimization process itself, which consists in increasing dwell times above the ICRU point in the cervix. Considering these findings, caution must be taken while implementing image-guided brachytherapy and dose escalation., (Copyright © 2014 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)