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Simple Summary: Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) employ as natural entry receptors nectin1 or HVEM. In contrast, retargeted oHSVs (ReHVs) employ as an entry receptor a tumor-associated antigen that no longer interacts with nectin1/HVEM and, thus, spares normal cells. Prior to entry, both oHSVs and ReHVs attach to cells by interaction of gC and gB glycoproteins with heparan sulphates and chondroitin sulphates (glycosaminoglycans–GAGs). The systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses would be the ideal route for hard-to-reach or metastatic cancers that constitute unmet clinical needs. In an accompanying paper, we reported that the blood complement and the antiviral neutralizing antibodies represent the major blood factors that inactivate systemically administered ReHVs. Here, we asked whether ReHV adsorption to GAGs acts as a sink and subtracts the virus from circulation. We report that a genetic modification in gC, which reduced its interaction with GAGs, resulted in a longer half-life of circulating ReHV and a higher anticancer efficacy of systemically (but not intratumorally) administered ReHV. The role of the interaction with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during in vivo HSV infection is currently unknown. The rationale of the current investigation was to improve the anticancer efficacy of systemically administered retargeted oHSVs (ReHVs) by decreasing their binding to GAGs, including those of endothelial cells, blood cells, and off-tumor tissues. As a proof-of-principle approach, we deleted seven amino acids critical for interacting with GAGs from the glycoprotein C (gC) of R-337 ReHV. The modification in the resulting R-399 recombinant prolonged the half-life in the blood of systemically administered R-399 and enhanced its biodistribution to tumor-positive lungs and to the tumor-negative liver. Ultimately, it greatly increased the R-399 efficacy against metastatic-like lung tumors upon IV administration but not against subcutaneous tumors upon IT administration. These results provide evidence that the increased efficacy seen upon R-399 systemic administration correlated with the slower clearance from the circulation. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo evidence that the partial impairment of the gC interaction with GAGs resulted in a prolonged half-life of circulating ReHV, an increase in the amount of ReHV taken up by tissues and tumors, and, ultimately, an enhanced anticancer efficacy of systemically administered ReHV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: TP is a widely utilized anticancer medication, particularly effective in treating HCC. Thorough investigation into TP's molecular mechanism in HCC treatment is crucial for precise and combination therapy. In this paper, we have unveiled a novel mechanism of TP in HCC treatment, where it inhibits tumor growth by reducing lipid accumulation. While the inhibition of P53 gene activity is commonly thought to be the reason for TP's effectiveness in treating HCC, this new mechanism serves as a significant complement to the current understanding, paving the way for innovative approaches to HCC treatment. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, presents a significant medical challenge. Triptolide (TP) has been identified as an effective therapeutic drug for HCC. However, its precise therapeutic mechanism is still unknown. Understanding the mechanism of action of TP against HCC is crucial for its implementation in the field of HCC treatment. We hypothesize that the anti-HCC actions of TP might be related to its modulation of HCC lipid metabolism given the crucial role that lipid metabolism plays in promoting the progression of HCC. In this work, we first demonstrate that, both in vitro and in vivo, TP significantly reduces lipid accumulation in HCC cells. Additionally, we notice that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression is markedly upregulated in HCC, and that its levels are positively connected with the disease's progression. It is interesting to note that TP dramatically reduces LPL activity, which in turn prevents HCC growth and reduces lipid accumulation. Additionally, the effect of TP on LPL is a direct correlation. These results definitely demonstrate that TP protects hepatocytes against abnormal accumulation of lipids by transcriptionally suppressing LPL, which reduces the development of HCC. This newly identified pathway provides insight into the process through which TP exerts its anti-HCC actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Glioblastoma (GBM) generally recurs locally with a dismal median survival of <18 months. Combining thermal therapy with radiation therapy enhances radiation response and improves clinical outcomes. This study evaluates a thermobrachytherapy balloon implant intended for the simultaneous heat and radiation treatment of tumor resection cavities. The data demonstrate that our prototype implant produces spherically symmetric heat and radiation dose distributions around the balloon, while the in vivo experiments confirm our ability to heat ≥40 °C at a 5 mm distance from the balloon surface in highly perfused pig brain tissue. The device is now ready for the finalization of regulatory approvals in anticipation of early-stage clinical investigation. Previous work has reported the design of a novel thermobrachytherapy (TBT) balloon implant to deliver magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) hyperthermia and high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy simultaneously after brain tumor resection, thereby maximizing their synergistic effect. This paper presents an evaluation of the robustness of the balloon device, compatibility of its heat and radiation delivery components, as well as thermal and radiation dosimetry of the TBT balloon. TBT balloon devices with 1 and 3 cm diameter were evaluated when placed in an external magnetic field with a maximal strength of 8.1 kA/m at 133 kHz. The MNP solution (nanofluid) in the balloon absorbs energy, thereby generating heat, while an HDR source travels to the center of the balloon via a catheter to deliver the radiation dose. A 3D-printed human skull model was filled with brain-tissue-equivalent gel for in-phantom heating and radiation measurements around four 3 cm balloons. For the in vivo experiments, a 1 cm diameter balloon was surgically implanted in the brains of three living pigs (40–50 kg). The durability and robustness of TBT balloon implants, as well as the compatibility of their heat and radiation delivery components, were demonstrated in laboratory studies. The presence of the nanofluid, magnetic field, and heating up to 77 °C did not affect the radiation dose significantly. Thermal mapping and 2D infrared images demonstrated spherically symmetric heating in phantom as well as in brain tissue. In vivo pig experiments showed the ability to heat well-perfused brain tissue to hyperthermic levels (≥40 °C) at a 5 mm distance from the 60 °C balloon surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pancreatic tumours present significant treatment challenges due to their resistance to chemotherapy and complex tumour microenvironment. Choosing the appropriate preclinical models and understanding how their characteristics affect drug delivery to the tumours is essential for designing clinically relevant experiments. This study investigates pancreatic tumours growing orthotopically or subcutaneously and presents the properties of their tumour microenvironments and their impacts on drug delivery. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a challenging malignancy, mainly due to its resistance to chemotherapy and its complex tumour microenvironment characterised by stromal desmoplasia. There is a need for new strategies to improve the delivery of drugs and therapeutic response. Relevant preclinical tumour models are needed to test potential treatments. This paper compared orthotopic and subcutaneous PDAC tumour models and their suitability for drug delivery studies. A novel aspect was the broad range of tumour properties that were studied, including tumour growth, histopathology, functional vasculature, perfusion, immune cell infiltration, biomechanical characteristics, and especially the extensive analysis of the structure and the orientation of the collagen fibres in the two tumour models. The study unveiled new insights into how these factors impact the uptake of a fluorescent model drug, the macromolecule called 800CW. While the orthotopic model offered a more clinically relevant microenvironment, the subcutaneous model offered advantages for drug delivery studies, primarily due to its reproducibility, and it was characterised by a more efficient drug uptake facilitated by its collagen organisation and well-perfused vasculature. The tumour uptake seemed to be influenced mainly by the structural organisation and the alignment of the collagen fibres and perfusion. Recognising the diverse characteristics of these models and their multifaceted impacts on drug delivery is crucial for designing clinically relevant experiments and improving our understanding of pancreatic cancer biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This paper presents an experimental study on a brachytherapy multi-needle insertion device, manipulated using a collaborative robot, to assess a set of characteristics: accuracy, needle deflection due to resistance forces, instrument and needle wear and the influence of insertion speed and rotation during needle manipulation inside the liver parenchyma. This paper presents a study regarding the design and the experimental setup of a medical robotic system for brachytherapy using tribology analysis. The robotic system is composed of a collaborative robotic arm and a multi-needle brachytherapy instrument controlled using a unified control system embedding a haptic device and force-feedback. This work is oriented towards identifying the technical characteristics of the system components to determine the accuracy of the procedure, as well as using different scenarios for needle insertion in ex vivo porcine liver tissue in order to determine the forces required for insertion and extraction of the needle and the friction coefficient that accompanies the previously mentioned forces. Subsequent to the computation of the friction forces, the normal forces and the wear during the needle insertion are determined with the scope of predicting the lifecycle of some components of the medical device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this paper, we report on the inhibition of glioblastoma (GBM) cell growth and migration by the putative S1PR1 modulator ACT-2009905, using appropriate in vitro models. This work is based on our previously published finding that S1PR1 expression is strongly up-regulated in human glioblastoma samples and the fact that there is an association between S1PR1 with patients' survival times. We now show that pharmacological modulation by the putative S1PR1 modulator ACT-209905 inhibits GBM cell growth and migration. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of co-culture of GBM cells with THP-1 cells as a model for human monocytes, showing pro-tumoral effects and arguing for a complex interplay between GBM cells, immune cells and underlying signaling pathways. We believe that this manuscript fits the interests of the readership of the journal Cancers as it addresses the impact of alternative therapeutic options using ACT-209905 for improving GBM therapy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is still a deadly tumor due to its highly infiltrative growth behavior and its resistance to therapy. Evidence is accumulating that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) acts as an important tumor-promoting molecule that is involved in the activation of the S1P receptor subtype 1 (S1PR1). Therefore, we investigated the effect of ACT-209905 (a putative S1PR1 modulator) on the growth of human (primary cells, LN-18) and murine (GL261) GBM cells. The viability and migration of GBM cells were both reduced by ACT-209905. Furthermore, co-culture with monocytic THP-1 cells or conditioned medium enhanced the viability and migration of GBM cells, suggesting that THP-1 cells secrete factors which stimulate GBM cell growth. ACT-209905 inhibited the THP-1-induced enhancement of GBM cell growth and migration. Immunoblot analyses showed that ACT-209905 reduced the activation of growth-promoting kinases (p38, AKT1 and ERK1/2), whereas THP-1 cells and conditioned medium caused an activation of these kinases. In addition, ACT-209905 diminished the surface expression of pro-migratory molecules and reduced CD62P-positive GBM cells. In contrast, THP-1 cells increased the ICAM-1 and P-Selectin content of GBM cells which was reversed by ACT-209905. In conclusion, our study suggests the role of S1PR1 signaling in the growth of GBM cells and gives a partial explanation for the pro-tumorigenic effects that macrophages might have on GBM cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The frequency of metastatic melanoma, an extremely deadly malignancy, is rapidly increasing worldwide. Recently, messenger RNA (mRNA) injections have emerged as a promising treatment option. While mRNA therapies have demonstrated significant promise, the stability of the naked form remains a barrier, as naked mRNAs are vulnerable to common ribonucleases, and are unable to effectively penetrate plasma membranes and escape from endosomes. Thus, for this paper, we used a hyper-branched cyclodextrin-based polymer (Ppoly) as a carrier to enhance mRNA delivery for melanoma cancer. The in vitro results demonstrated that Ppoly was able to deliver the EGFP-mRNA effectively in both 2D and 3D melanoma cell lines compared to naked mRNA; in addition, Ppoly did not show any cytotoxicity. The anti-tumour effect of intratumourally injected OVA-mRNA loaded on Ppoly results showed a significant decrease in both tumour size and weight compared to other formulations by inducing an efficient adaptive immune response and OVA-specific CD8+ T cells in both spleen and tumour tissues compared to other groups. mRNA technology has demonstrated potential for use as an effective cancer immunotherapy. However, inefficient in vivo mRNA delivery and the requirements for immune co-stimulation present major hurdles to achieving anti-tumour therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, we used a cationic hyper-branched cyclodextrin-based polymer to increase mRNA delivery in both in vitro and in vivo melanoma cancer. We found that the transfection efficacy of the mRNA-EGFP-loaded Ppoly system was significantly higher than that of lipofectamine and free mRNA in both 2D and 3D melanoma cancer cells; also, this delivery system did not show cytotoxicity. In addition, the biodistribution results revealed time-dependent and significantly higher mEGFP expression in complexes with Ppoly compared to free mRNA. We then checked the anti-tumour effect of intratumourally injected free mRNA–OVA, a foreign antigen, and loaded Ppoly; the results showed a considerable decrease in both tumour size and weight in the group treated with OVA-mRNA in loaded Ppoly compared to other formulations with an efficient adaptive immune response by dramatically increasing most leukocyte subtypes and OVA-specific CD8+ T cells in both the spleen and tumour tissues. Collectively, our findings suggest that the local delivery of cationic cyclodextrin-based polymer complexes containing foreign mRNA antigens might be a good and reliable concept for cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor originating from the precursors of sympathetic nerves. The disease is known for its high heterogeneity. Hence, developing adequate preclinical models reflecting the complex biology of neuroblastoma is particularly challenging. This paper describes the current status of the available neuroblastoma models with their strengths and limitations, and demonstrates the future perspectives for preclinical neuroblastoma research. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo models remain indispensable tools in cancer research. These classic models, including two- and three-dimensional cell culture techniques and animal models, are crucial for basic and translational studies. However, each model has its own limitations and typically does not fully recapitulate the course of the human disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel, advanced systems that can allow for efficient evaluation of the mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression, more accurately reflect the disease pathophysiology and complexity, and effectively inform therapeutic decisions for patients. Preclinical models are especially important for rare cancers, such as neuroblastoma, where the availability of patient-derived specimens that could be used for potential therapy evaluation and screening is limited. Neuroblastoma modeling is further complicated by the disease heterogeneity. In this review, we present the current status of preclinical models for neuroblastoma research, discuss their development and characteristics emphasizing strengths and limitations, and describe the necessity of the development of novel, more advanced and clinically relevant approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial condition characterized by body weight loss and skeletal muscle wasting that negatively impacts the quality of life and survival of cancer patients. In this paper, we found that ursolic acid (UA) alleviated cancer cachexia and prevented muscle wasting via activating SIRT1, and thence inhibiting phosphorylation levels of NF-κB and STAT3. Furthermore, UA remained effective in the advanced stages of cancer cachexia. This is significant because no approved drug for the treatment of cancer-related muscle atrophy is available. UA may be a potential drug for cancer cachexia and has the possibility of translational application to clinical treatment. Skeletal muscle wasting is the most remarkable phenotypic feature of cancer cachexia that increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. However, there are currently no effective drugs against cancer cachexia. Ursolic acid (UA) is a lipophilic pentacyclic triterpene that has been reported to alleviate muscle atrophy and reduce muscle decomposition in some disease models. This study aimed to explore the role and mechanisms of UA treatment in cancer cachexia. We found that UA attenuated Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-conditioned medium-induced C2C12 myotube atrophy and muscle wasting of LLC tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, UA dose-dependently activated SIRT1 and downregulated MuRF1 and Atrogin-1. Molecular docking results revealed a good binding effect on UA and SIRT1 protein. UA rescued vital features wasting without impacting tumor growth, suppressed the elevated spleen weight, and downregulated serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in vivo. The above phenomena can be attenuated by Ex-527, an inhibitor of SIRT1. Furthermore, UA remained protective against cancer cachexia in the advanced stage of tumor growth. The results revealed that UA exerts an anti-cachexia effect via activating SIRT1, thereby downregulating the phosphorylation levels of NF-κB and STAT3. UA might be a potential drug against cancer cachexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The tumor microenvironment (TME) has a vital role in cancer development, progression, and metastasis. It can shape immune infiltration and activation within tumors, including the role of macrophages, tumor effector cells, and the uptake of therapeutic drugs or nanoparticles. In this manuscript, we report on the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of administering E. coli phagelysate (EcPHL) as a primer to modify the TME, including the enhanced uptake of magnetic nanoparticles (mNP) by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and tumor cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME), where cancer cells reside, plays a crucial role in cancer progression and metastasis. It maintains an immunosuppressive state in many tumors and regulates the differentiation of precursor monocytes into M1 (anti-tumor)- and M2 (pro-tumor)-polarized macrophages, and greatly reduces anticancer drug and nanoparticle delivery. As a result, the effectiveness of recently developed chemo- and/or nanotechnology-mediated immune and magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (mNPH) therapies is inhibited significantly. One of the ways to overcome this limitation is to use E. coli phagelysate as a primer to modify the tumor microenvironment by switching tumor-associated M2 macrophages to anti-tumor M1 macrophages, and initiate the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Recently, bacteriophages and phage-induced lysed bacteria (bacterial phagelysates—BPLs) have been shown to be capable of modifying the tumor-associated environment. Phage/BPL-coated proteins tend to elicit strong anti-tumor responses from the innate immune system, prompting phagocytosis and cytokine release. It has also been reported that the microenvironments of bacteriophage- and BPL-treated tumors facilitate the conversion of M2-polarized TAMS to a more M1-polarized (tumoricidal) environment post-phage treatment. This paper demonstrates the feasibility and enhanced efficacy of combining E. coli phagelysate (EcPHL) and mNPH, a promising technology for treating cancers, in a rodent model. Specifically, we illustrate the EcPHL vaccination effect on the TME and mNP distribution in Ehrlich adenocarcinoma tumors by providing the tumor growth dynamics and histology (H&E and Prussian blue) distribution of mNP in tumor and normal tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Although progress has been made in the treatment and survival of patients with a range of malignancies, the prognosis for patients harboring metastatic osteosarcoma (bone cancer) remains dismal due to the limited therapeutic options available. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) mediate the angiogenic (blood vessel formation) switch in several cancers. Spatial proximity between EPCs and osteosarcoma in the bone led to the hypothesis that EPCs-osteosarcoma interactions may possibly promote osteosarcoma (OS) progression and aggressiveness. In the current paper, we demonstrate the non-physical role that EPCs play in OS migration and invasion, along with deciphering a potential underlying molecular mechanism. Our findings may pave the way toward the development of new EPCs-targeted therapies to inhibit OS metastasis and hence enhance the therapeutic efficacy of this devastating bone cancer. Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) mortality is attributed to lung metastases. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) mediate the angiogenic switch in several cancers. The spatial proximity between EPCs and OS in the bone led to the hypothesis that EPCs-osteosarcoma interactions may possibly promote OS progression and aggressiveness. Methods: A PI3K inhibitor, Bevacizumab (an anti-VEGF-A antibody), and an anti-FGF2 antibody were added to the EPCs' conditioned medium (EPC-CM), and their impacts on OS cell (U2-OS and 143B) proliferation, migration, invasion, MMP9 expression, and AKT phosphorylation were determined. The autocrine role of VEGF-A was assessed using Bevacizumab treatment and VEGF-A silencing in OS cells. Toward this end, an orthotopic mouse OS model was established. Mouse and human tumors were immunolabeled with antibodies to the abovementioned factors. Results: EPC-CM enhanced osteosarcoma MMP9 expression, invasiveness, and migration via the PI3K/AKT pathway. The addition of Bevacizumab and an anti-FGF2 antibody to the EPC-CM diminished OS cell migration. The autocrine role of VEGF-A was assessed using Bevacizumab and VEGF-A silencing in OS cells, resulting in decreased AKT phosphorylation and, consequently, diminished invasiveness and migration. Consistently, OS xenografts in mice displayed high VEGF-A and FGF2 levels. Remarkably, lung metastasis specimens derived from OS patients exhibited marked immunolabeling of CD31, VEGF-A, and FGF2. Conclusions: EPCs promote OS progression not only by physically incorporating into blood vessels, but also by secreting cytokines, which act via paracrine signaling. EPCs induced in vitro MMP9 overexpression, invasion, and migration. Additional animal studies are warranted to further expand these results. These findings may pave the way toward the development of novel EPCs-targeted therapeutics aimed at blocking OS metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A low level of oxygen (hypoxia) is a common feature of many solid tumours. Tumour hypoxia is a contributing factor to prostate cancer progression and is known to cause the abnormal expression of many important genes, including microRNAs. In this study, we investigate the link between hypoxia and microRNA-21 (miR-21) in prostate cancer cells. We use in vitro and in vivo models to show that miR-21 expression is induced by hypoxia in prostate cells, which we propose explains why miR-21 up-regulation is a feature of prostate tumours. We demonstrate that miR-21 up-regulation can alter the behaviour of normal prostate cells and we further show for the first time in prostate cancer that it down-regulates RHOB, a tumour suppressor gene. We finish by presenting data to suggest miR-21 has considerable potential as a biomarker of hypoxia that can aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Tumour hypoxia is a well-established contributor to prostate cancer progression and is also known to alter the expression of several microRNAs. The over-expression of microRNA-21 (miR-21) has been consistently linked with many cancers, but its role in the hypoxic prostate tumour environment has not been well studied. In this paper, the link between hypoxia and miR-21 in prostate cancer is investigated. A bioinformatic analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) prostate biopsy datasets shows the up-regulation of miR-21 is significantly associated with prostate cancer and clinical markers of disease progression. This up-regulation of miR-21 expression was shown to be caused by hypoxia in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line in vitro and in an in vivo prostate tumour xenograft model. A functional enrichment analysis also revealed a significant association of miR-21 and its target genes with processes related to cellular hypoxia. The over-expression of miR-21 increased the migration and colony-forming ability of RWPE-1 normal prostate cells. In vitro and in silico analyses demonstrated that miR-21 down-regulates the tumour suppressor gene Ras Homolog Family Member B (RHOB) in prostate cancer. Further a TCGA analysis illustrated that miR-21 can distinguish between different patient outcomes following therapy. This study presents evidence that hypoxia is a key contributor to the over-expression of miR-21 in prostate tumours, which can subsequently promote prostate cancer progression by suppressing RHOB expression. We propose that miR-21 has good potential as a clinically useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of hypoxia and prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dosimetry for preclinical radiotherapy research requires the standardization of dose validation and quality assurance procedures. Except for dose reference measurements, dosimetric quality control of image-guided small animal irradiation platforms is mostly performed with passive detectors (alanine and gafchromic films). This results in the inconvenient task of lengthy post-processing. In this paper, we carried out a dosimetric characterization of an active detection system based on inorganic scintillators in medium-energy X-rays. We implemented a cross-calibration framework based on international dosimetric protocols to assess the energy dependence of the detector. Additionally, we determined relative output factors for very small fields and compared them to other measurement systems (EBT3 film and CMOS sensor). We demonstrated the suitability of the inorganic scintillation system for the development of phantom-based end-to-end tests for dose verification in newly implemented preclinical radiotherapy irradiation techniques. The purpose of the study was to characterize a detection system based on inorganic scintillators and determine its suitability for dosimetry in preclinical radiation research. Dose rate, linearity, and repeatability of the response (among others) were assessed for medium-energy X-ray beam qualities. The response's variation with temperature and beam angle incidence was also evaluated. Absorbed dose quality-dependent calibration coefficients, based on a cross-calibration against air kerma secondary standard ionization chambers, were determined. Relative output factors (ROF) for small, collimated fields (≤10 mm × 10 mm) were measured and compared with Gafchromic film and to a CMOS imaging sensor. Independently of the beam quality, the scintillator signal repeatability was adequate and linear with dose. Compared with EBT3 films and CMOS, ROF was within 5% (except for smaller circular fields). We demonstrated that when the detector is cross-calibrated in the user's beam, it is a useful tool for dosimetry in medium-energy X-rays with small fields delivered by Image-Guided Small Animal Radiotherapy Platforms. It supports the development of procedures for independent "live" dose verification of complex preclinical radiotherapy plans with the possibility to insert the detectors in phantoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, we report that the combination of existing therapeutic agents and hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E), a virus-inactivating agent, may be a more effective treatment agent for pleural mesothelioma, a refractory cancer for which no effective treatment has been established. We have already reported that HVJ-E, which activates antitumor immunity and induces apoptosis in cancer, can provide a different mechanism for effective treatment. In this report, the antitumor effect of HVJ-E in combination with chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) activated antitumor immunity in a mouse model of malignant pleural mesothelioma-bearing tumor and significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy compared to single-agent therapy. We report that the use of HVJ-E in combination with chemotherapy or ICIs, which are already used in clinical practice, may be more effective than single-agent therapy. However, further clinical studies are needed before the combination therapy can be used in clinical practice. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a refractory tumor because most of the lesions are already disseminated at diagnosis. Previously, the main treatment for MPM was combination chemotherapy. However, recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are also used. For better efficacy of MPM treatment, we focused on hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E), which activates antitumor immunity and induces tumor-specific cell death. In this paper, we aimed to determine whether HVJ-E as a single agent therapy or in combination with chemotherapy or ICIs is effective in MPM bearing mouse. We confirmed its antitumor efficacy in MPM-bearing mouse. HVJ-E significantly prolonged the survival of human MPM-bearing mouse compared to that of control mouse and when combined with CDDP. This efficacy was lost in NOD-SCID mouse, suggesting that activation of innate immunity by HVJ-E was related to the survival rate. HVJ-E also showed antitumor efficacy in murine MPM-bearing mouse. The combination of chemotherapy and HVJ-E caused a significant increase in cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) compared to chemotherapy alone, suggesting that not only innate immunity activated by HVJ-E but also the increase in CTLs contributed to improved survival. The combination of anti-PD-1 antibody and HVJ-E significantly prolonged the survival rate of murine MPM-bearing mouse. Further, HVJ-E might have exhibited antitumor effects by maintaining immunogenicity against tumors. We believe that HVJ-E may be a beneficial therapy to improve MPM treatment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Crystalline silica particles (CSi) are carcinogenic; however, their genotoxicity is not well characterized. Indirect evidence suggests that retained particles in peripheral bronchioles activate macrophages, causing chronic ROS production. Using human bronchial epithelia in monocultures, we have recently shown that CSi activate ATX at the plasma membrane and that a complex signaling pathway leads to double strand breaks (DSBs). The DSBs were seen within minutes, also in mice inhaling CSi. A remaining question is how DSBs are induced. Using the same models as previously, we now show that ATX signaling leads to endonuclease G translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus. It was synchronized with DSB formation, and inhibitors prevented both the translocation and the DSBs, supporting a causal role for endonuclease G. The CSi-induced micronuclei formation indicated genomic instability. Additionally, the endonuclease G mediated genotoxicity, which thus affects the respiratory epithelium directly at very low particle doses, might explain the carcinogenic effects of CSi, perhaps even better than ROS-producing macrophages. Crystalline silica particles (CSi) are an established human carcinogen, but it is not clear how these particles cause necessary mutations. A well-established scenario includes inflammation caused by retained particles in the bronchioles, activated macrophages, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause DNA damage. In previous studies, we showed that CSi in contact with the plasma membrane of human bronchial epithelium induced double strand breaks within minutes. A signaling pathway implicating the ATX-LPA axis, Rac1, NLRP3, and mitochondrial depolarization upstream of DSB formation was delineated. In this paper, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that this signaling pathway triggers endonuclease G (EndoG) translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus. The DNA damage is documented as γH2AX and p53BP1 nuclear foci, strand breaks in the Comet assay, and as micronuclei. In addition, the DNA damage is induced by low doses of CSi that do not induce apoptosis. By inhibiting the ATX-LPA axis or by EndoG knockdown, we prevent EndoG translocation and DSB formation. Our data indicate that CSi in low doses induces DSBs by sub-apoptotic activation of EndoG, adding CSi to a list of carcinogens that may induce mutations via sub-apoptotic and "minority MOMP" effects. This is the first report linking the ATX-LPA axis to this type of carcinogenic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. The use of nanoparticles as radiosensitizers and drug delivery vehicles could open the door to solving many of the obstacles in current cancer treatments. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and docetaxel (DTX) have shown very promising synergetic radiosensitization effects, despite DTX toxicity to normal tissues. In this paper, we explored the effect of a DTX prodrug encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPDTX-P) on GNP uptake in pancreatic cancer models in vitro and in vivo. The results show that LNPDTX-P-treated tumour samples have twice the amount of GNP uptake in both in vitro and in vivo models. These very promising results establish that LNPDTX-P have very similar outcomes to free DTX on tumour tissues. These results demonstrate the potential of incorporating GNPs and LNPDTX-P as radiosensitization tools to current radiotherapy protocols for improved tumour targeting. Current chemoradiation therapy suffers from normal tissue toxicity. Thus, we are proposing incorporating gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and docetaxel (DTX), as they have shown very promising synergetic radiosensitization effects. Here, we explored the effect of a DTX prodrug encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPDTX-P) on GNP uptake in pancreatic cancer models in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro experiment, a pancreatic cancer cell line, MIA PaCa-2, was cultured and dosed with 1 nM GNPs and 45 nM free DTX or an equivalent dose of LNPDTX-P. For the in vivo experiment, MIA PaCa-2 cells were implanted subcutaneously in NRG mice, and the mice were dosed with 2 mg/kg of GNPs and 6 mg/kg of DTX or an equivalent dose of LNPDTX-P. The results show that LNPDTX-P-treated tumour samples had double the amount GNPs compared to control samples, both in vitro and in vivo. The results are very promising, as LNPDTX-P have superior targeting of tumour tissues compared to free DTX due to their nanosize and their ability to be functionalized. Because of their minimal toxicity to normal tissues, both GNPs and LNPDTX-P could be ideal radiosensitization candidates in radiotherapy and would produce very promising synergistic therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hyperthermia, a limited increase in tumor tissue temperature up to a maximum of 45 °C, has long been used in cancer treatment, either as a stand-alone therapy or in conjunction with chemo-/radiotherapy. Among the different physical procedures used, a particularly promising technique is magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH): this consists of the local administration of magnetic nanoparticles, followed by the application of alternating magnetic fields. One concern with this technique is the possibility of damage to healthy peritumoral tissue. The present study investigates innovative nanoparticles with self-regulating temperature, which should reduce this risk and thus mark a significant step forward in MFH. In an experimental model of aggressive breast cancer, we demonstrated a substantial reduction of tumor growth rate by using an experimental MFH protocol, transferable to clinical practice. These innovative nanomaterials present the added advantage of allowing non-invasive monitoring of temperature, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). This paper reports a comprehensive investigation of a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP), named M55, which belongs to a class of innovative doped ferrite nanomaterials, characterized by a self-limiting temperature. M55 is obtained from M48, an MNP previously described by our group, by implementing an additional purification step in the synthesis. M55, after citrate and glucose coating, is named G-M55. The present study aimed to demonstrate the properties of G-M55 as a diagnostic contrast agent for MRI and magnetic particle imaging (MPI), and as an antitumoral agent in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). Similar specific absorption rate values were obtained by standard MFH and by an MPI apparatus. This result is of interest in relation to the application of localized MFH by MPI apparatus. We demonstrated the biocompatibility of G-M55 in a triple-negative human breast cancer line (MDA-MB-231), and its efficacy as an MFH agent in the same cell line. We also demonstrated the efficacy of MFH treatment with G-M55 in an experimental model of breast cancer. Overall, our results pave the way for the clinical application of G-M55 as an MFH agent in breast cancer therapy, allowing not only efficient treatment by both standard MFH apparatus and MPI but also temperature monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: While the mouse is without doubt the most studied animal for experimental cancer research, aquatic vertebrates such as zebrafish have also contributed to the field. More recently, thanks to the Nobel-prize winning technology of CRISPR/Cas mediated genomic engineering, the frog Xenopus tropicalis has emerged as an additional powerful model for studying human cancer. Via CRISPR-mediated genome editing, several models for different human cancers have been obtained in this animal. However, what has been lacking in Xenopus is the possibility to transplant tumor cells between different frogs. This is important to allow better characterization of the tumor cells and exploration of therapeutic opportunities. In this paper, we describe the generation of a genetic mutant in Xenopus tropicalis that has a compromised immune system, thereby allowing the grafting and expansion of tumors obtained in this species. In addition, an optimized protocol is provided for the irradiation of wild-type Xenopus frogs that subsequently are temporarily immunocompromised and during that period allow tumor engraftment. This work will expand the toolbox for modeling human cancer in Xenopus tropicalis, thereby further establishing it as a powerful experimental cancer model. Modeling human genetic diseases and cancer in lab animals has been greatly aided by the emergence of genetic engineering tools such as TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9. We have previously demonstrated the ease with which genetically engineered Xenopus models (GEXM) can be generated via injection of early embryos with Cas9 recombinant protein loaded with sgRNAs targeting single or multiple tumor suppressor genes. What has been lacking so far is the possibility to propagate and characterize the induced cancers via transplantation. Here, we describe the generation of a rag2 knockout line in Xenopus tropicalis that is deficient in functional T and B cells. This line was validated by means of allografting experiments with primary tp53−/− and apc+/−/tp53−/− donor tumors. In addition, we optimized available protocols for the sub-lethal irradiation of wild-type X. tropicalis froglets. Irradiated animals also allowed the stable, albeit transient, engraftment of transplanted X. tropicalis tumor cells. The novel rag2−/− line and the irradiated wild-type froglets will further expand the experimental toolbox in the diploid amphibian X. tropicalis and help to establish it as a versatile and relevant model for exploring human cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aquaporins (AQPs) have emerged as potential predictors of response to cancer therapy and as targets for increasing sensitivity to treatment. However, systemic therapeutic inhibition using pan-AQP or AQP-specific inhibitors has not been characterized for efficacy in treating breast cancer or as a component of combination treatment. We evaluated AQP inhibition using established AQP inhibitors in cytotoxicity and pharmacologic assays. This study identified AQPs as a targetable vulnerability in breast cancer. AQP inhibitors can increase therapeutic efficacy, both as single agents and in a combination therapy strategy, in treating breast cancer progression and metastasis. These results provide significant insights that support the future development of improved AQP inhibitors. AQPs contribute to breast cancer progression and metastasis. We previously found that genetic inhibition of Aqp7 reduces primary tumor burden and metastasis in breast cancer. In this study, we utilized two AQP inhibitors, Auphen and Z433927330, to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic inhibition of AQPs in breast cancer treatment. The inhibitors were evaluated in breast cancer for both cytotoxicity and metabolic stability assays across both murine and human breast cancer cell lines. Both AQP inhibitors also affected the expression of other AQP transcripts and proteins, which demonstrates compensatory regulation between AQP family members. As a single agent, Auphen treatment in vivo extended overall survival but did not impact primary or metastatic tumor burden. However, Auphen treatment made cells more responsive to chemotherapy (doxorubicin) or endocrine treatment (tamoxifen, fulvestrant). In fact, treatment with Tamoxifen reduced overall AQP7 protein expression. RNA-seq of breast cancer cells treated with Auphen identified mitochondrial metabolism genes as impacted by Auphen and may contribute to reducing mammary tumor progression, lung metastasis, and increased therapeutic efficacy of endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Interestingly, we found that Auphen and tamoxifen cooperate to reduce breast cancer cell viability, which suggests that Auphen treatment makes the cells more susceptible to Tamoxifen. Together, this study highlights AQPs as therapeutic vulnerabilities of breast cancer metastasis that are promising and should be exploited. However, the pharmacologic results suggest additional chemical refinements and optimization of AQP inhibition are needed to make these AQP inhibitors appropriate to use for therapeutic benefit in overcoming endocrine therapy resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The benefit of spatially fractionated radiotherapy for brain tumors is maximized through Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT). In 2021, the clinical transfer phase of MRT began: the first brain-tumor-bearing dog patients were treated under clinical conditions in view of the forthcoming clinical transfer. As a primary endpoint, the tolerance of normal brain tissues to MRT was evaluated, while the efficacy in reducing tumor volume was considered as a secondary endpoint. We here present acute to subacute neurologic radiotolerance and tumor volume reduction after MRT for brain tumor treatment in canine patients included in our ongoing veterinary trial, proving that MRT is a safe tool for spontaneous brain tumor treatment in dogs. Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) has repeatedly proven its superiority compared with conventional radiotherapy for glioma control in preclinical research. The clinical transfer phase of MRT has recently gained momentum; seven dogs with suspected glioma were treated under clinical conditions to determine the feasibility and safety of MRT. We administered a single fraction of 3D-conformal, image-guided MRT. Ultra-high-dose rate synchrotron X-ray microbeams (50 µm-wide, 400 µm-spaced) were delivered through five conformal irradiation ports. The PTV received ~25 Gy peak dose (within microbeams) per port, corresponding to a minimal cumulated valley dose (diffusing between microbeams) of 2.8 Gy. The dogs underwent clinical and MRI follow-up, and owner evaluations. One dog was lost to follow-up. Clinical exams of the remaining six dogs during the first 3 months did not indicate radiotoxicity induced by MRT. Quality of life improved from 7.3/10 [±0.7] to 8.9/10 [±0.3]. Tumor-induced seizure activity decreased significantly. A significant tumor volume reduction of 69% [±6%] was reached 3 months after MRT. Our study is the first neuro-oncologic veterinary trial of 3D-conformal Synchrotron MRT and reveals that MRT does not induce acute to subacute radiotoxicity in normal brain tissues. MRT improves quality of life and leads to remarkable tumor volume reduction despite low valley dose delivery. This trial is an essential step towards the forthcoming clinical application of MRT against deep-seated human brain tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. Since the estradiol receptor (ER) is overexpressed in 75% of breast tumors, it is a reasonable target for tumor diagnosis and therapy. This study focuses on the development and preclinical evaluation of readily synthesized 18F-labeled estradiol derivatives with different lipophilicity. The least hydrophilic derivative, 18F-TA-Glyco-EE, showed the highest cellular uptake in ER-positive breast cancer cells. The in vivo PET imaging of breast tumor-bearing mice demonstrated the desired rapid clearance of the tracer from the excretory organ through the liver. The in vitro autoradiography of ER-positive tumor sections confirmed the high specific binding of 18F-TA-Glyco-EE. In conclusion, 18F-TA-Glyco-EE may be a promising candidate for imaging of ER-positive breast cancer. About 75% of breast tumors show an overexpression of the estradiol receptor (ER), making it a valuable target for tumor diagnosis and therapy. To date, 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol (FES) is the only FDA-approved imaging probe for the positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, FES has the drawback of a high retention in the liver. Therefore, the aim of this study was the development and preclinical evaluation of estradiol (E2) derivatives with different lipophilicity. Three 18F-labeled prosthetic groups (two glycosyl and one PEG azide) were chosen for conjugation with ethinyl estradiol (EE) by 18F-CuAAC (Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition). The cellular uptake in ER+ MCF-7 tumor cells was highest for the less hydrophilic derivative (18F-TA-Glyco-EE). In nude mice bearing different breast tumors (ER+ MCF-7 and T47D versus ER− MDA-MB-231), 18F-TA-Glyco-EE revealed a high uptake in the liver (13%ID/g, 30 min p.i.), which decreased over 90 min to 1.2%ID/g, indicating fast hepatobiliary clearance. The statistically significant difference of 18F-TA-Glyco-EE uptake in T47D compared to MDA-MB-231 tumors at 60–90 min p.i. indicated ER-specific uptake, whereas in vivo PET imaging did not provide evidence for specific uptake of 18F-TA-Glyco-EE in MCF-7 tumors, probably due to ER occupation by E2 after E2-dependent MCF-7 tumor growth in mice. However, in vitro autoradiography revealed a high specific binding of 18F-TA-Glyco-EE to ER+ tumor slices. We conclude that 18F-TA-Glyco-EE, with its increased hydrophilicity after deacetylation in the blood and thus rapid washout from non-target tissues, may be a viable alternative to FES for the PET imaging of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a type of liver cancer with few treatment options and low survival rates in advanced stages. Our study developed a mouse model to study this cancer type by implanting CCA cells into the liver of mice. We used advanced imaging techniques (MRI and PET scans) to monitor tumor growth and metabolism over four weeks. We observed that tumors became visible early and grew steadily over time. PET scans showed increasing tumor activity, and blood tests revealed liver damage. Most mice developed lung metastases after four weeks. Our research shows that combining MRI and PET scans effectively tracks CCA progression in mice, providing valuable insights into cancer development and investigating potential treatments. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a type of primary liver cancer originating from the biliary tract epithelium, characterized by limited treatment options for advanced cases and low survival rates. This study aimed to establish an orthotopic mouse model for CCA and monitor tumor growth using PET/MR imaging. Murine CCA cells were implanted into the liver lobe of male C57BL/6J mice. The imaging groups included contrast-enhanced (CE) MR, CE-MR with static [18F]FDG-PET, and dynamic [18F]FDG-PET. Tumor volume and FDG uptake were measured weekly over four weeks. Early tumor formation was visible in CE-MR images, with a gradual increase in volume over time. Dynamic FDG-PET revealed an increase in the metabolic glucose rate (MRGlu) over time. Blood analysis showed pathological changes in liver-related parameters. Lung metastases were observed in nearly all animals after four weeks. The study concludes that PET-MR imaging effectively monitors tumor progression in the CCA mouse model, providing insights into CCA development and potential treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We studied canine mammary tumors to better understand similar human breast cancer using a technique called liquid biopsy, which analyzes blood samples to detect disease, focusing on the detection of tiny particles called small extracellular vesicles. These structures are very interesting because they can carry proteins that may indicate the presence of cancer. In this study, we collected blood from healthy dogs, dogs with benign and malignant CMTs, and those in remission and also with recurrence. We found no differences in the size or amount of the vesicles among the groups but identified specific proteins that could serve as markers for cancer. These proteins could potentially help in the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of mammary cancer. (Background). Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) have emerged as an important model for understanding pathophysiological aspects of human disease. Liquid biopsy (LB), which relies on blood-borne biomarkers and offers minimal invasiveness, holds promise for reflecting the disease status of patients. Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) and their protein cargo have recently gained attention as potential tools for disease screening and monitoring. (Objectives). This study aimed to isolate SEVs from canine patients and analyze their proteomic profile to assess their diagnostic and prognostic potential. (Methods). Plasma samples were collected from female dogs grouped into CMT (malignant and benign), healthy controls, relapse, and remission groups. SEVs were isolated and characterized using ultracentrifugation (UC), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Proteomic analysis of circulating SEVs was conducted using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). (Results). While no significant differences were observed in the concentration and size of exosomes among the studied groups, proteomic profiling revealed important variations. Mass spectrometry identified exclusive proteins that could serve as potential biomarkers for mammary cancer. These included Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (ITIH2 and ITI4), phosphopyruvate hydratase or alpha enolase (ENO1), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2), actin (ACTB), transthyretin (TTR), beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (APOH) and gelsolin (GSN) found in female dogs with malignant tumors. Additionally, vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP), also known as group-specific component (GC), was identified as a protein present during remission. (Conclusions). The results underscore the potential of proteins found in SEVs as valuable biomarkers in CMTs. Despite the lack of differences in vesicle concentration and size between the groups, the analysis of protein content revealed promising markers with potential applications in CMT diagnosis and monitoring. These findings suggest a novel approach in the development of more precise and effective diagnostic tools for this challenging clinical condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Glioblastomas (GBMs) are considered the most lethal cancer in the central nervous system (CNS), whose malignant phenotypes are majorly attributed to glioma stem cells (GSCs). Despite combined surgical radiotherapy with temozolomide chemotherapy and tumor-treating fields (TTFs), the tumor almost always recurs near the resection site. Besides the contribution of GSCs, the tumor microenvironment (TME) also plays an important role in glioma recurrence. Our work has demonstrated that GSC-derived exosomes carry lncRNA NEAT1 to promote the M2 polarization of glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs). Further mechanism exploration indicated that NEAT1 represses the expression of miR-125a in GAMs significantly. The decrease in miR-125a induces the elevation of target gene STAT3, which is required for macrophage M2 polarization. The development of M2-like GAMs contributes to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and glioma progression. Our findings elucidate the functions and mechanisms of the crosstalk between GSCs and GAMs via exosomes, providing new therapeutic targets and strategies for glioma. Glioblastoma (GBM), as the most common primary brain tumor, usually results in an extremely poor prognosis, in which glioma stem cells (GSCs) and their immunosuppressive microenvironment prominently intervene in the resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy that directly leads to tumor recurrence and shortened survival time. The specific mechanism through which exosomes generated from GSCs support the creation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment remains unknown, while it is acknowledged to be engaged in intercellular communication and the regulation of the glioma immunosuppressive microenvironment. The elevated expression of LncRNA-NEAT1 was found in glioma cells after radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and DNA damage stimulation, and NEAT1 could promote the malignant biological activities of GSCs. Emerging evidence suggests that lncRNAs may reply to external stimuli or DNA damage by playing a role in modulating different aspects of tumor biology. Our study demonstrated a promotive role of the carried NEAT1 by GSC-derived exosomes in the polarization of M2-like macrophages. Further experiments demonstrated the mediative role of miR-125a and its target gene STAT3 in NEAT1-induced polarization of M2-like macrophages that promote glioma progression. Our findings elucidate the mechanism by which GSCs influence the polarization of M2-like macrophages through exosomes, which may contribute to the formation of immunosuppressive microenvironments. Taken together, our study reveals the miR-125a-STAT3 pathway through which exosomal NEAT1 from treatment-resistant GSCs contributes to M2-like macrophage polarization, indicating the potential of exosomal NEAT1 for treating glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Yuan et al. present a strategy to modulate tumor immunity by simultaneously depleting CAFs and tumor angiogenic vessels using a rationally designed protein that induces integrin αvβ3-expressing cell apoptosis. The study offers a unique opportunity for the enhancement of cancer immunotherapies, especially for patients with a tumor of dense stroma and high angiogenesis. Fibrotic stroma and angiogenic tumor vessels play an important role in modulating tumor immunity. We previously reported a rationally designed protein (ProAgio) that targets integrin αvβ3 at a novel site. ProAgio induces the apoptosis of cells that express high levels of the integrin. Both activated cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and angiogenic endothelial cells (aECs) in tumors express high levels of integrin αvβ3. ProAgio simultaneously and specifically induces apoptosis in CAFs and aECs in tumors. We provide evidence here that the depletion of CAFs and the elimination of leaky tumor angiogenic vessels by ProAgio alter tumor immunity. ProAgio reduces CD4+ Treg and Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), increases CD8+ T-cells, and increases the M1/M2 macrophage ratio in the tumor. The depletion of dense fibrotic stroma (CAFs) by ProAgio decreases the Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PDL-1) levels in the stroma areas surrounding the tumors, and thus strongly increases the delivery of anti-PDL-1 antibody to the target cancer cells. The impact of ProAgio on tumor immunity provides strong synergistical effects of checkpoint inhibitors on lung cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In contrast to external beam radiation therapy, our understanding of the dose–response relationship in radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) remains limited. Given that the estimation of radiation-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage can correlate with various biological responses, nanoscale dosimetry emerges as a critical tool in lighting this intricate relationship. In this study, we developed a novel simulation-based nanoscale dosimetry platform by identifying optimal DNA physics models and benchmarking against existing data. Leveraging this platform, we conducted a case study to estimate DNA damage, thereby enhancing our comprehension of RPT effects at nanoscales. This research serves as a foundation for future studies on how RPT affects DNA at the nano-level, potentially improving cancer treatment strategies. Radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) is evolving as a promising strategy for treating cancer. As interest grows in short-range particles, like Auger electrons, understanding the dose–response relationship at the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) level has become essential. In this study, we used the Geant4-DNA toolkit to evaluate DNA damage caused by the Auger-electron-emitting isotope I-125. We compared the energy deposition and single strand break (SSB) yield at each base pair location in a short B-form DNA (B-DNA) geometry with existing simulation and experimental data, considering both physical direct and chemical indirect hits. Additionally, we evaluated dosimetric differences between our high-resolution B-DNA target and a previously published simple B-DNA geometry. Overall, our benchmarking results for SSB yield from I-125 decay exhibited good agreement with both simulation and experimental data. Using this simulation, we then evaluated the SSB and double strand break (DSB) yields caused by a theranostic Br-77-labeled poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor radiopharmaceutical. The results indicated a predominant contribution of chemical indirect hits over physical direct hits in generating SSB and DSB. This study lays the foundation for future investigations into the nano-dosimetric properties of RPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study focused on finding effective anticancer peptides (ACPs) from induced tumor-suppressing cells (iTSCs) to combat breast cancer metastasis to the skeletal system. This study identified P18 as the most potent ACP from a pool of candidates, derived from a protein called Arhgdia. P18 showed significant inhibitory effects on breast cancer cell viability, migration, and invasion, as well as interfering with certain cancer-promoting proteins and GTPase signaling. Importantly, P18 demonstrated enhanced effectiveness when combined with traditional chemotherapy drugs, without significantly affecting healthy cells. Moreover, it mitigated the bone loss associated with breast cancer spread to bones. This study suggests that P18, especially in its modified form (Ac-P18-NH2), could be a promising candidate for breast cancer treatment and preventing bone destruction by regulating specific cellular signaling pathways. Background: The skeletal system is a common site for metastasis from breast cancer. In our prior work, we developed induced tumor-suppressing cells (iTSCs) capable of secreting a set of tumor-suppressing proteins. In this study, we examined the possibility of identifying anticancer peptides (ACPs) from trypsin-digested protein fragments derived from iTSC proteomes. Methods: The efficacy of ACPs was examined using an MTT-based cell viability assay, a Scratch-based motility assay, an EdU-based proliferation assay, and a transwell invasion assay. To evaluate the mechanism of inhibitory action, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based GTPase activity assay and a molecular docking analysis were conducted. The efficacy of ACPs was also tested using an ex vivo cancer tissue assay and a bone microenvironment assay. Results: Among the 12 ACP candidates, P18 (TDYMVGSYGPR) demonstrated the most effective anticancer activity. P18 was derived from Arhgdia, a Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha, and exhibited inhibitory effects on the viability, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. It also hindered the GTPase activity of RhoA and Cdc42 and downregulated the expression of oncoproteins such as Snail and Src. The inhibitory impact of P18 was additive when it was combined with chemotherapeutic drugs such as Cisplatin and Taxol in both breast cancer cells and patient-derived tissues. P18 had no inhibitory effect on mesenchymal stem cells but suppressed the maturation of RANKL-stimulated osteoclasts and mitigated the bone loss associated with breast cancer. Furthermore, the P18 analog modified by N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation (Ac-P18-NH2) exhibited stronger tumor-suppressor effects. Conclusions: This study introduced a unique methodology for selecting an effective ACP from the iTSC secretome. P18 holds promise for the treatment of breast cancer and the prevention of bone destruction by regulating GTPase signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The hallmark of NF2 is bilateral vestibular schwannomas, which progressively enlarge, leading to sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, facial weakness, and pain that translates to social impairment and clinical depression. To better understand disease progression and characterize treatment response, we developed a panel of five tests suitable for the mouse vestibular schwannoma model and investigated how tumor growth and treatment affect gait, coordination, and motor function. These methods, paired with hearing tests, enable a comprehensive evaluation of tumor-induced neurological deficits and facilitate the assessment of the effectiveness of novel therapeutics to improve NF2 treatments. NF2-related Schwannomatosis (NF2-SWN) is a disease that needs new solutions. The hallmark of NF2-SWN, a dominantly inherited neoplasia syndrome, is bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VSs), which progressively enlarge, leading to sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, facial weakness, and pain that translates to social impairment and clinical depression. Standard treatments for growing VSs include surgery and radiation therapy (RT); however, both carry the risk of further nerve damage that can result in deafness and facial palsy. The resultant suffering and debility, in combination with the paucity of therapeutic options, make the effective treatment of NF2-SWN a major unmet medical need. A better understanding of these mechanisms is essential to developing novel therapeutic targets to control tumor growth and improve patients' quality of life. Previously, we developed the first orthotopic cerebellopontine angle mouse model of VSs, which faithfully mimics tumor-induced hearing loss. In this model, we observed that mice exhibit symptoms of ataxia and vestibular dysfunction. Therefore, we further developed a panel of five tests suitable for the mouse VS model and investigated how tumor growth and treatment affect gait, coordination, and motor function. Using this panel of ataxia tests, we demonstrated that both ataxia and motor function deteriorated concomitantly with tumor progression. We further demonstrated that (i) treatment with anti-VEGF resulted in tumor size reduction, mitigated ataxia, and improved rotarod performance; (ii) treatment with crizotinib stabilized tumor growth and led to improvements in both ataxia and rotarod performance; and (iii) treatment with losartan did not impact tumor growth nor ameliorate ataxia or motor function. Our studies demonstrated that these methods, paired with hearing tests, enable a comprehensive evaluation of tumor-induced neurological deficits and facilitate the assessment of the effectiveness of novel therapeutics to improve NF2 treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma continues to be one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Preclinical studies involving animals rarely include sex as a major biological variable in testing the efficacy of new drugs. In an animal model of pancreatic cancer, we analyzed the impact of sex on the pathological features of the disease and on an experimental small molecule-based therapy tested in vivo for the first time. While the therapy shows potential, the obtained results are confounded by sex-specific effects. This study, therefore, highlights the importance of sex-inclusive research while simultaneously providing a basis for further studies of the therapy tested. Preclinical studies rarely test the efficacy of therapies in both sexes. The field of oncology is no exception in this regard. In a model of syngeneic, orthotopic, metastasized pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma we evaluated the impact of sex on pathological features of this disease as well as on the efficacy and possible adverse side effects of a novel, small molecule-based therapy inhibiting KRAS:SOS1, MEK1/2 and PI3K signaling in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Male mice had less tumor infiltration of CD8-positive cells, developed bigger tumors, had more lung metastasis and a lower probability of survival compared to female mice. These more severe pathological features in male animals were accompanied by higher distress at the end of the experiment. The evaluated inhibitors BI-3406, trametinib and BKM120 showed synergistic effects in vitro. This combinatorial therapy reduced tumor weight more efficiently in male animals, although the drug concentrations were similar in the tumors of both sexes. These results underline the importance of sex-specific preclinical research and at the same time provide a solid basis for future studies with the tested compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bone cancer-related chronic pain is mediated by central sensitization involving neuroinflammation via glial cell activation in the spinal dorsal horn, but not the capsaicin-sensitive sensory neuronal system. Bone cancer and its related chronic pain are huge clinical problems since the available drugs are often ineffective or cannot be used long term due to a broad range of side effects. The mechanisms, mediators and targets need to be identified to determine potential novel therapies. Here, we characterize a mouse bone cancer model induced by intratibial injection of K7M2 osteosarcoma cells using an integrative approach and investigate the role of capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic sensory nerves. The mechanical pain threshold was assessed by dynamic plantar aesthesiometry, limb loading by dynamic weight bearing, spontaneous pain-related behaviors via observation, knee diameter with a digital caliper, and structural changes by micro-CT and glia cell activation by immunohistochemistry in BALB/c mice of both sexes. Capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic sensory neurons were defunctionalized by systemic pretreatment with a high dose of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX). During the 14- and 28-day experiments, weight bearing on the affected limb and the paw mechanonociceptive thresholds significantly decreased, demonstrating secondary mechanical hyperalgesia. Signs of spontaneous pain and osteoplastic bone remodeling were detected both in male and female mice without any sex differences. Microglia activation was shown by the increased ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) immunopositivity on day 14 and astrocyte activation by the enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cell density on day 28 in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn. Interestingly, defunctionalization of the capsaicin-sensitive afferents representing approximately 2/3 of the nociceptive fibers did not alter any functional parameters. Here, we provide the first complex functional and morphological characterization of the K7M2 mouse osteosarcoma model. Bone-cancer-related chronic pain and hyperalgesia are likely to be mediated by central sensitization involving neuroinflammation via glial cell activation in the spinal dorsal horn, but not the capsaicin-sensitive sensory neuronal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in infants and the most common solid tumor outside the brain in children, and responds poorly to current therapies. The sphingolipid-modifying drug opaganib, which has anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity in many preclinical models, was tested for inhibition of neuroblastoma cell proliferation in cell culture and in tumors growing in mice. Opaganib inhibited cell proliferation regardless of the MYCN gene status of the neuroblastoma cells. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with opaganib in combination with the established drugs irinotecan and temozolomide reduced tumor growth and increased survival compared with irinotecan plus temozolomide alone. Because opaganib has already demonstrated safety in patients with cancer, this new drug may provide improved therapy for neuroblastoma patients. Neuroblastoma (NB), the most common cancer in infants and the most common solid tumor outside the brain in children, grows aggressively and responds poorly to current therapies. We have identified a new drug (opaganib, also known as ABC294640) that modulates sphingolipid metabolism by inhibiting the synthesis of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) by sphingosine kinase-2 and elevating dihydroceramides by inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase. The present studies sought to determine the potential therapeutic activity of opaganib in cell culture and xenograft models of NB. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that NB cells, including cells with amplified MYCN, are effectively killed by opaganib concentrations well below those that accumulate in tumors in vivo. Opaganib was shown to cause dose-dependent decreases in S1P and hexosylceramide levels in Neuro-2a cells, while concurrently elevating levels of dihydroceramides. As with other tumor cells, opaganib reduced c-Myc and Mcl-1 protein levels in Neuro-2a cells, and also reduced the expression of the N-Myc protein. The in vivo growth of xenografts of human SK-N-(BE)2 cells with amplified MYCN was suppressed by oral administration of opaganib at doses that are well tolerated in mice. Combining opaganib with temozolomide plus irinotecan, considered the backbone for therapy of relapsed or refractory NB, resulted in increased antitumor activity in vivo compared with temozolomide plus irinotecan or opaganib alone. Mice did not lose additional weight when opaganib was combined with temozolomide plus irinotecan, indicating that the combination is well tolerated. Opaganib has additive antitumor activity toward Neuro-2a tumors when combined with the checkpoint inhibitor anti-CTLA-4 antibody; however, the combination of opaganib with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies did not provide increased antitumor activity over that seen with opaganib alone. Overall, the data demonstrate that opaganib modulates sphingolipid metabolism and intracellular signaling in NB cells and inhibits NB tumor growth alone and in combination with other anticancer drugs. Amplified MYCN does not confer resistance to opaganib, and, in fact, the drug attenuates the expression of both c-Myc and N-Myc. The safety of opaganib has been established in clinical trials with adults with advanced cancer or severe COVID-19, and so opaganib has excellent potential for treating patients with NB, particularly in combination with temozolomide and irinotecan or anti-CTLA-4 antibody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Patients with treatable cancers all too often return to the clinic with untreatable tumors, requiring highly toxic secondary treatments or palliative care. In this study, we aim to determine whether activation of the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) in multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) breast cancer cells will re-sensitize them to chemotherapeutic agents. The APC is required for the targeted degradation of proteins that inhibit passage through mitosis. We found that APC activity is indeed impaired in MDR cells and that chemical activation of the APC increased the sensitivity of these cells to doxorubicin. Mitotic progression was slowed in MDR cells, compared to matched parental drug sensitive cells, with an accumulation of APC substrate proteins. APC activation in nocodazole-arrested cells resulted in increased passage through mitosis with lower APC substrate levels. Mice growing a patient-derived xenografted (PDX) tumor were treated with increasing doses of a chemical APC activator, resulting in a dose-dependent reduction in tumor size. Taken together, our data show that APC activity is reduced in MDR cells, with APC activation resulting in a species- and cancer-type-independent reversal of the MDR phenotype. The development of multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) cancer all too often signals the need for toxic alternative therapy or palliative care. Our recent in vivo and in vitro studies using canine MDR lymphoma cancer cells demonstrate that the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) is impaired in MDR cells compared to normal canine control and drug-sensitive cancer cells. Here, we sought to establish whether this phenomena is a generalizable mechanism independent of species, malignancy type, or chemotherapy regime. To test the association of blunted APC activity with MDR cancer behavior, we used matched parental and MDR MCF7 human breast cancer cells, and a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of human triple-negative breast cancer. We show that APC activating mechanisms, such as APC subunit 1 (APC1) phosphorylation and CDC27/CDC20 protein associations, are reduced in MCF7 MDR cells when compared to chemo-sensitive matched cell lines. Consistent with impaired APC function in MDR cells, APC substrate proteins failed to be effectively degraded. Similar to our previous observations in canine MDR lymphoma cells, chemical activation of the APC using Mad2 Inhibitor-1 (M2I-1) in MCF7 MDR cells enhanced APC substrate degradation and resensitized MDR cells in vitro to the cytotoxic effects of the alkylating chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin (DOX). Using cell cycle arrest/release experiments, we show that mitosis is delayed in MDR cells with elevated substrate levels. When pretreated with M2I-1, MDR cells progress through mitosis at a faster rate that coincides with reduced levels of APC substrates. In our PDX model, mice growing a clinically MDR human triple-negative breast cancer tumor show significantly reduced tumor growth when treated with M2I-1, with evidence of increased DNA damage and apoptosis. Thus, our results strongly support the hypothesis that APC impairment is a driver of aggressive tumor development and that targeting the APC for activation has the potential for meaningful clinical benefits in treating recurrent cases of MDR malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Colon cancer first involves the development of small clusters of abnormal cells. The purpose of our study was to determine changes in protein expression in such abnormal cells as they grow after being triggered to form due to exposure to a carcinogen using rats as a model. We were able to identify a number of proteins that were very differently expressed when comparing early abnormal cells to more mature cell clusters. Many of these proteins are involved in regulating cell-to-cell interactions and cell shape, among other activities in the cells. Our findings help us better understand the biology of intestinal cancer and may be useful in developing biomarkers for detecting colon cancer. This information also helps us lay a foundation for future studies aimed at better understanding the how intestinal cancers develop and grow under different intestinal conditions. Colorectal tumorigenesis involves the development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) or preneoplastic lesions, representing the earliest morphological lesion visible in colon cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in protein expression in carcinogen-induced ACF as they mature and transform into adenomas. Protein expression profiles of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced F344 rat colon ACF and adenomas were compared at four time points, 4 (control), 8, 16, and 24 weeks post AOM administration (n = 9/group), with time points correlating with induction and transformation events. At each time point, micro-dissected ACF and/or adenoma tissues were analyzed across multiple quantitative two-dimensional (2D-DIGE) gels using a Cy-dye labeling technique and a pooled internal standard to quantify expression changes with statistical confidence. Western blot and subsequent network pathway mapping were used to confirm and elucidate differentially expressed (p ≤ 0.05) proteins, including changes in vinculin (Vcl; p = 0.007), scinderin (Scin; p = 0.02), and profilin (Pfn1; p = 0.01), By determining protein expression changes in ACF as they mature and transform into adenomas, a "baseline" of altered regulatory proteins associated with adenocarcinoma development in this model has been elucidated. These data will enable future studies aimed at biomarker identification and understanding the molecular biology of intestinal tumorigenesis and adenocarcinoma maturation under varying intestinal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Tamoxifen is prescribed to premenopausal patients with estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancers for a period of 5–10 years after cancer diagnosis. This prolonged treatment regimen, though effective at preventing cancer recurrence, is often associated with unwanted cognitive and affective symptoms. To understand the clinical side effects of tamoxifen, animal studies investigating the effect of tamoxifen on the brain must model the chronic nature of tamoxifen therapy. This study describes a novel method of tamoxifen administration in female rats conducive to long-term administration of tamoxifen. Blood samples from treated rats showed levels of tamoxifen similar to levels in humans. Brain samples revealed tamoxifen-induced changes of a neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus, a structure critical to cognitive and affective processing. This study, therefore, suggests a potential mechanism that may underlie the cognitive side effects reported in patients. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), is commonly used as an adjuvant drug therapy for estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancers. Though effective at reducing the rate of cancer recurrence, patients often report unwanted cognitive and affective side effects. Despite this, the impacts of chronic tamoxifen exposure on the brain are poorly understood, and rodent models of tamoxifen exposure do not replicate the chronic oral administration seen in patients. We, therefore, used long-term ad lib consumption of medicated food pellets to model chronic tamoxifen exposure in a clinically relevant way. Adult female Long-Evans Hooded rats consumed tamoxifen-medicated food pellets for approximately 12 weeks, while control animals received standard chow. At the conclusion of the experiment, blood and brain samples were collected for analyses. Blood tamoxifen levels were measured using a novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay, which found that this administration paradigm produced serum levels of tamoxifen similar to those in human patients. In the brain, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was visualized in the hippocampus using immunohistochemistry. Chronic oral tamoxifen treatment resulted in a decrease in BDNF expression across several regions of the hippocampus. These findings provide a novel method of modeling and measuring chronic oral tamoxifen exposure and suggest a putative mechanism by which tamoxifen may cause cognitive and behavioral changes reported by patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mild hyperthermia is a technique that induces a local tumor temperature increase up to 43.0 °C. In this paper, we introduce three devices that could be used to apply hyperthermia in small animals in combination with intravital microscopy for the real-time visualization of in vivo intratumoral events such as drug delivery. This paper presents three devices suitable for the preclinical application of hyperthermia via the simultaneous high-resolution imaging of intratumoral events. (Pre)clinical studies have confirmed that the tumor micro-environment is sensitive to the application of local mild hyperthermia. Therefore, heating is a promising adjuvant to aid the efficacy of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. More so, the application of mild hyperthermia is a useful stimulus for triggered drug release from heat-sensitive nanocarriers. The response of thermosensitive nanoparticles to hyperthermia and ensuing intratumoral kinetics are considerably complex in both space and time. To obtain better insight into intratumoral processes, longitudinal imaging (preferable in high spatial and temporal resolution) is highly informative. Our devices are based on (i) an external electric heating adaptor for the dorsal skinfold model, (ii) targeted radiofrequency application, and (iii) a microwave antenna for heating of internal tumors. These models, while of some technical complexity, significantly add to the understanding of effects of mild hyperthermia warranting implementation in research on hyperthermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Efficacy of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) depends on patient selection, tumor type, delivery technique, and treatment parameters such as temperature, carrier solution, type of drug, dosage, volume, and treatment duration. Preclinical research offers a powerful tool to investigate the impact of these parameters and to assists in designing potentially more effective treatment protocols and clinical trials. This study aims to review the objectives, methods, and clinical relevance of in vivo preclinical HIPEC studies found in the literature. In total, 60 articles were included in this study. The selected articles were screened on the HIPEC parameters. Recommendations are provided and possible pitfalls are discussed on the choice of type of animal and tumor model per stratified parameters and study goal. The guidelines presented in this paper can improve the clinical relevance and impact of future in vivo HIPEC experiments. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a treatment modality for patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM) of various origins which aims for cure in combination with cytoreductive surgery (CRS). Efficacy of CRS-HIPEC depends on patient selection, tumor type, delivery technique, and treatment parameters such as temperature, carrier solution, type of drug, dosage, volume, and treatment duration. Preclinical research offers a powerful tool to investigate the impact of these parameters and to assist in designing potentially more effective treatment protocols and clinical trials. The different methodologies for peritoneal disease and HIPEC are variable. This study aims to review the objectives, methods, and clinical relevance of in vivo preclinical HIPEC studies found in the literature. In this review, recommendations are provided and possible pitfalls are discussed on the choice of type of animal and tumor model per stratified parameters and study goal. The guidelines presented in this paper can improve the clinical relevance and impact of future in vivo HIPEC experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In recent years, much research has focused on how exercise improves cancer prognosis and how the protein myokine, which is associated with exercise, inhibits cancer progression. However, there have been few detailed studies on oral cancer. This study is the first to show that exercise inhibits the progression of oral cancer. While other studies have shown that exercise suppresses growth, decreases the tumor formation rate, or improves survival in patients with other organ cancers, this study showed that exercise inhibits tumor formation and growth in oral cancer and prolongs survival. Furthermore, while many studies have demonstrated an indirect immune-mediated mechanism by which exercise suppresses cancer, this study suggests the additional possibility that myokines released by exercise directly affect oral cancer cells. This study has the above novelties. Major advances have been made in cancer treatment, but the prognosis for elderly cancer patients with sarcopenia and frailty remains poor. Myokines, which are thought to exert preventive effects against sarcopenia, have been reported to be associated with the prognosis of various cancers, but their effect on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of exercise on the control of HNSCC and to examine the underlying mechanism involved. Mice were injected with HSC-3-M3 cells, a human cell line of highly metastatic and poorly differentiated tongue cancer, at the beginning of the study. Just prior to transplantation, blood was collected from the mice, and the levels of myokines were measured by ELISA. Oncostatin M (OSM), a selected myokine, was added to HSC-3-M3 cells, after which the cell proliferation ability, cell cycle, and protein expression were analyzed in vitro. Tumor cell viability was lower (control: 100%, exercise: 75%), tumors were smaller (control: 26.2 mm3, exercise: 6.4 mm3), and survival was longer in the exercise group than in the control group in vivo. OSM inhibited HSC-3-M3 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. The addition of OSM increased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase, decreased the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase, and increased the expression of the CDK inhibitors p21 and p27. These results indicate that exercise may directly inhibit the proliferation of HNSCC cell lines via OSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Ovarian cancer still ranks as the deadliest gynecological malignancy worldwide. In this research, we aimed to evaluate the potential of anti-TIM3, a relatively novel checkpoint inhibitor, for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Our preclinical studies showed no improvement of survival in ovarian cancer-bearing mice after anti-TIM3 treatment. Additionally, we found no significant immunological changes induced by this therapy in treated mice. However, changing the order of combination treatment with anti-TIM3 and chemotherapy influenced the outcome in mice. Further preclinical studies are required to find and optimize ovarian cancer treatment approaches. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has proven revolutionary in the treatment of some cancers. However, ovarian cancer remains unresponsive to current leading ICIs, such as anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1. In this article, we explored the potential of an upcoming checkpoint molecule, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3), for the treatment of ovarian cancer using a syngeneic orthotopic mouse model (ID8-fLuc). Besides therapeutic efficacy, we focused on exploring immune changes in tumor tissue and peritoneal fluid. Our results showed no improvement in survival in ovarian cancer-bearing mice after anti-TIM3 treatment when used as monotherapy nor when combined with anti-PD1 or standard-of-care chemotherapy (carboplatin/paclitaxel). This was reflected in the unaltered immune infiltration in treated mice compared to control mice. Altering the order of drug administration within the combination treatment altered the survival results, but did not result in a survival benefit over chemotherapy alone. These findings highlight the need for further preclinical studies to find beneficial treatment schemes and combination therapies for ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Currently, muscle testing remains underutilized in cancer cachexia research, since muscle biopsies are mainly performed at the end of experimental protocols. We aimed to introduce the concept of longitudinal muscle testing for cancer cachexia by initially demonstrating its feasibility and safety for the test subjects. Following that, we tested the hypothesis on a tumor-bearing rat model. Results were indicative of heterogeneity in cancer cachexia manifestation between different subjects and throughout the disease course. There is an abundance of researched pathways and mechanisms of cachexia, as well as interventions to target them. Thus, moving forward, developing biomarkers to suggest "what to target and when to do it" is essential. Sequential muscle biopsies can serve as a promising tool to guide personalized precision treatment for cancer cachexia, as well as to monitor the disease evolution and response to therapy. In the rapidly evolving landscape of cancer cachexia research, the development and refinement of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers constitute an ongoing challenge. This study aims to introduce longitudinal muscle biopsies as a potential framework for disease monitoring and treatment. The initial feasibility and safety assessment was performed for healthy mice and rats that received two consecutive muscle biopsies. The assessment was performed by utilizing three different tools. Subsequently, the protocol was also applied in leiomyosarcoma tumor-bearing rats. Longitudinal muscle biopsies proved to be a safe and feasible technique, especially in rat models. The application of this protocol to tumor-bearing rats further affirmed its tolerability and feasibility, while microscopic evaluation of the biopsies demonstrated varying levels of muscle atrophy with or without leukocyte infiltration. In this tumor model, sequential muscle biopsies confirmed the variability of the cancer cachexia evolution among subjects and at different time-points. Despite the abundance of promising cancer cachexia data during the past decade, the full potential of muscle biopsies is not being leveraged. Sequential muscle biopsies throughout the disease course represent a feasible and safe tool that can be utilized to guide precision treatment and monitor the response in cancer cachexia research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The prognosis of patients with metastatic colon cancer remains very poor. A minority of patients, mostly those with liver-restricted disease, are eligible for intentionally curative surgery. In most cases, however, the presence of extra-hepatic metastases precludes curative treatment. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the processes governing multi-organ metastasis. We applied the microsurgical transplantation of mouse colon tumor organoids into the caecum or into the liver of syngeneic immunocompetent mice. Colon tumors growing in the liver seeded distant metastases to the lungs and to the peritoneal cavity more efficiently than those growing in the caecum. This was associated with the formation of hotspots of macrophage-surrounded vitronectin-positive blood vessels, specifically in liver tumors. Thus, 'onward spread' from liver metastases plays a major role in multi-organ metastasis, potentially through liver-specific vascular hotspots. The therapeutic targeting of these signals may help achieve the containment of the disease within the liver, thus preventing multi-organ metastasis. Colorectal cancer metastasizes predominantly to the liver but also to the lungs and the peritoneum. The presence of extra-hepatic metastases limits curative (surgical) treatment options and is associated with very poor survival. The mechanisms governing multi-organ metastasis formation are incompletely understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the site of tumor growth influences extra-hepatic metastasis formation. To this end, we implanted murine colon cancer organoids into the primary tumor site (i.e., the caecum) and into the primary metastasis site (i.e., the liver) in immunocompetent mice. The organoid-initiated liver tumors were significantly more efficient in seeding distant metastases compared to tumors of the same origin growing in the caecum (intra-hepatic: 51 vs. 40%, p = 0.001; peritoneal cavity: 51% vs. 33%, p = 0.001; lungs: 30% vs. 7%, p = 0.017). The enhanced metastatic capacity of the liver tumors was associated with the formation of 'hotspots' of vitronectin-positive blood vessels surrounded by macrophages. RNA sequencing analysis of clinical samples showed a high expression of vitronectin in liver metastases, along with signatures reflecting hypoxia, angiogenesis, coagulation, and macrophages. We conclude that 'onward spread' from liver metastases is facilitated by liver-specific microenvironmental signals that cause the formation of macrophage-associated vascular hotspots. The therapeutic targeting of these signals may help to contain the disease within the liver and prevent onward spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer that is frequently associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection, and this virus is thought to play a role in NPC development and malignant growth. Within tumor cells, the virus generally remains in a latent stage that supports cell survival and stimulates tumor growth. However, it has been postulated that it might be beneficial as part of cancer therapy to coax the virus out of its latent stage and into a lytic mode, which would result in tumor cell killing. A few agents are known to accomplish this switch, but their clinical success so far has been mixed. We are developing a novel compound, NEO212, that has shown anticancer activity in several preclinical tumor models. Here, in this report, we demonstrate that it is able to coax EBV into its lytic cycle, resulting in NPC cell death. We propose that NEO212 should be investigated further for its potential clinical usefulness as a therapeutic agent for NPC. The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is accepted as a primary risk factor for certain nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) subtypes, where the virus persists in a latent stage which is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis. Current treatments are sub-optimal, and recurrence occurs in many cases. An alternative therapeutic concept is aimed at triggering the lytic cycle of EBV selectively in tumor cells as a means to add clinical benefit. While compounds able to stimulate the lytic cascade have been identified, their clinical application so far has been limited. We are developing a novel anticancer molecule, NEO212, that was generated by covalent conjugation of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) to the naturally occurring monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH). In the current study, we investigated its potential to trigger the lytic cycle of EBV in NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. We used the established C666.1 cell line and primary patient cells derived from the brain metastasis of a patient with NPC, both of which harbored latent EBV. Upon treatment with NEO212, there was an increase in EBV proteins Zta and Ea-D, key markers of the lytic cycle, along with increased levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), a marker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, followed by the activation of caspases. These effects could also be confirmed in tumor tissue from mice implanted with C666.1 cells. Towards a mechanistic understanding of these events, we used siRNA-mediated knockdown of CHOP and inclusion of anti-oxidant compounds. Both approaches blocked lytic cycle induction by NEO212. Therefore, we established a sequence of events, where NEO212 caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which triggered ER stress and elevated the levels of CHOP, which was required to stimulate the lytic cascade of EBV. Inclusion of the antiviral agent ganciclovir synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic impact of NEO212, pointing to a potential combination treatment for EBV-positive cancers which should be explored further. Overall, our study establishes NEO212 as a novel agent able to stimulate EBV's lytic cycle in NPC tumors, with implications for other virus-associated cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The objective of drug repurposing is to discover novel therapeutic uses for established pharmaceuticals. Paroxetine (PX), a commonly prescribed antidepressant, has demonstrated promising anticancer properties in experimental studies. Nevertheless, its precise role and mechanisms of action in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remain incompletely elucidated. Our research findings propose that PX may impact TNBC by modulating critical molecular pathways, providing significant implications for enhancing chemosensitivity and identifying potential therapeutic synergies in clinical practice. These findings provide a basis for the creation of individualized treatment plans and the identification of the most effective therapeutic interventions to enhance treatment precision and effectiveness in patients with TNBC. The strategy of drug repurposing has gained traction in the field of cancer therapy as a means of discovering novel therapeutic uses for established pharmaceuticals. Paroxetine (PX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor typically utilized in the treatment of depression, has demonstrated promise as an agent for combating cancer. Nevertheless, the specific functions and mechanisms by which PX operates in the context of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remain ambiguous. This study aimed to examine the impact of PX on TNBC cells in vitro as both a standalone treatment and in conjunction with other pharmaceutical agents. Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, apoptosis was assessed through flow cytometry, and the effects on signaling pathways were analyzed using RNA sequencing and Western blot techniques. Furthermore, a subcutaneous tumor model was utilized to assess the in vivo efficacy of combination therapy on tumor growth. The results of our study suggest that PX may activate the Ca2+-dependent mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway in TNBC by potentially influencing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway as well as by inducing cytoprotective autophagy. Additionally, the combination of PX and chemotherapeutic agents demonstrated moderate inhibitory effects on 4T1 tumor growth in an in vivo model. These findings indicate that PX may exert its effects on TNBC through modulation of critical molecular pathways, offering important implications for improving chemosensitivity and identifying potential therapeutic combinations for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The mesenchymal (MES) phenotype of glioblastoma (GBM) confers resistance to various therapeutic strategies and results from both tumor-intrinsic genetic alterations and tumor-extrinsic microenvironmental factors. In this study, we sought to identify and validate the key genes that regulate the MES phenotype of glioma via both mechanisms. By integrating bulk tumor data (using the TCGA and CGGA databases) and single-cell sequencing data of GBM, we revealed that the plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR) is the hub gene of the protumor microenvironment, encompassing hypoxia and immunosuppression, and we elucidated its role in driving the MES transition through both tumor-intrinsic function and cell-to-cell interaction. Our findings indicate that PLAUR may be a potential target for GBM treatment, as our research elucidated its functions through a comprehensive study. The mesenchymal (MES) phenotype of glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and therapy-resistant subtype of GBM. The MES phenotype transition during tumor progression results from both tumor-intrinsic genetic alterations and tumor-extrinsic microenvironmental factors. In this study, we sought to identify genes that can modulate the MES phenotype via both mechanisms. By integrating weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and the differential expression analysis of hypoxia-immunosuppression-related genes, we identified the plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR) as the hub gene. Functional enrichment analysis and GSVA analysis demonstrated that PLAUR was associated with the MES phenotype of glioma and the hypoxia-immunosuppression-related microenvironmental components. Single-cell sequencing analysis revealed that PLAUR mediated the ligand–receptor interaction between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and glioma cells. Functional experiments in vitro with cell lines or primary glioma cells and xenograft models using BALB/c nude mice confirmed the role of PLAUR in promoting the MES phenotype of GBM. Our findings indicate that PLAUR regulates both glioma cells and tumor cell-extrinsic factors that favor the MES phenotype and suggest that PLAUR might be a potential target for GBM therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Malignant meningiomas have high aggressiveness and recurrence rates and a poor prognosis, with no clear pharmacological treatment available. The study aims to investigate the progression mechanism of malignant meningiomas and the targets of intervention. RACK1 and CSNK2B have been shown to promote tumor progression but their roles in meningiomas are not clear. In this study, we will investigate the roles of RACK1-CSNK2B in meningiomas and search for targets to inhibit the progression of meningiomas. Higher-grade meningiomas (WHO grade II and III) are characterized by aggressive invasiveness and high postoperative recurrence rates. The prognosis remains inadequate even with adjuvant radiotherapy and currently there is no definitive pharmacological treatment strategy and target for malignant meningiomas. This study aims to unveil the mechanisms driving the malignant progression of meningiomas and to identify potential inhibitory targets, with significant clinical implications. Implementing techniques such as protein immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, RNA interference, and transcriptome sequencing, we investigated the malignancy mechanisms in meningioma cell lines IOMM-LEE and CH157-MN. Additionally, in vivo experiments were carried out on nude mice. We discovered a positive correlation between meningioma malignancy and the levels of the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), which interacts with CSNK2B, the β subunit of casein kinase 2 (CK2), inhibiting its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. This inhibition allows CK2 to activate the NF-κb pathway, which increases the transcription of CDK4 and cyclin D3, resulting in the transition of the cell cycle into the G2/M phase. The RACK1 inhibitor, harringtonolide (HA), significantly suppressed the malignant tendencies of meningioma cells. Our study suggests that RACK1 may play a role in the malignant progression of meningiomas, and therefore, targeting RACK1 could emerge as an effective strategy for reducing the malignancy of these tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study is the first to reveal the role and mechanism of ANLN (anillin, an actin-binding protein) in gallbladder cancer (GBC). Our research has led to the following conclusions: (1) ANLN promotes the proliferation and migration of gallbladder cancer cells. (2) Knockdown of ANLN promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in GBC cells. (3) Knockdown of ANLN inhibits the Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Serine/Threonine Kinase (AKT) signaling pathway, leading to the inhibition of GBC cell growth and migration. (4) ANLN activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by regulating STRA6 in GBC cells. The ANLN gene encodes anillin, a protein that binds to actin. Recent research has identified ANLN's function in the initiation and advancement of different cancers. However, its impact on gallbladder cancer (GBC) remains unexplored. This study aimed to elucidate its possible molecular mechanisms in GBC. ANLN expression was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR), Western blotting (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC), revealing elevated levels in GBC tissues. ANLN knockdown resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation and migration, leading to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Conversely, ANLN overexpression had the opposite effects on GBC cells. In vivo experiments confirmed that ANLN knockdown inhibited GBC cell growth. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis revealed ANLN's function in activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. We further confirmed that ANLN could upregulate STRA6 expression, which activated PI3K/AKT signaling to enhance the growth and movement of GBC cells. These findings demonstrate ANLN's involvement in GBC initiation and progression, suggesting its potential as a novel target for GBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cells with stem-like potential in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have been shown to exhibit features of intrinsic resistance to ionizing radiation. These cells, often referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are characterized by an increased self-renewal and clonogenic potential, features associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migratory behavior, and cellular plasticity. Cellular plasticity entails changes in phenotype and function in response to therapeutic pressures such as irradiation. Previously, we found that ALDH-positive CSCs are enriched in HNSCC cultures upon treatment with ionizing radiation. This process was characterized by mechanisms involving a selection of resistant populations and an induction of stem-like features. Cellular plasticity is regulated intracellularly through epigenetic mechanisms, including dynamic adaptations of DNA methylation and histone methylation, resulting in gene-specific alterations of expression levels. Therefore, we hypothesized that epigenetic targeting may prevent irradiation-induced cellular plasticity, rendering resistant HNSCC cells more sensitive. Employing a chemical library screen, we identified the histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J1 to have a putative radiosensitizing effect that also reduces the stem-like potential of these cells. (1) Background: The sensitivity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to ionizing radiation, among others, is determined by the number of cells with high clonogenic potential and stem-like features. These cellular characteristics are dynamically regulated in response to treatment and may lead to an enrichment of radioresistant cells with a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA and histone methylation, are key regulators of gene-specific transcription and cellular plasticity. Therefore, we hypothesized that specific epigenetic targeting may prevent irradiation-induced plasticity and may sensitize HNSCC cells to radiotherapy. (2) Methods: We compared the DNA methylome and intracellular concentrations of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites in radioresistant FaDu and Cal33 cell lines with their parental controls, as well as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive CSCs with negative controls. Moreover, we conducted a screen of a chemical library targeting enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation in combination with irradiation and analyzed the clonogenic potential, sphere formation, and DNA repair capacity to identify compounds with both radiosensitizing and CSC-targeting potential. (3) Results: We identified the histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J1, which targets UTX (KDM6A) and JMJD3 (KDM6B), leading to increased H3K27 trimethylation, heterochromatin formation, and gene silencing. The clonogenic survival assay after siRNA-mediated knock-down of both genes radiosensitized Cal33 and SAS cell lines. Moreover, high KDM6A expression in tissue sections of patients with HNSCC was associated with improved locoregional control after primary (n = 137) and post-operative (n = 187) radio/chemotherapy. Conversely, high KDM6B expression was a prognostic factor for reduced overall survival. (4) Conclusions: Within this study, we investigated cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying irradiation-induced cellular plasticity, a key inducer of radioresistance, with a focus on epigenetic alterations. We identified UTX (KDM6A) as a putative prognostic and therapeutic target for HNSCC patients treated with radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lung cancer accounts for 11.4% of all cancer cases and 18.0% of all cancer deaths. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), one of the most common lung cancers, is imperative to enhance diagnostic accuracy, drug development, and prognostic evaluation. The present study explored the interaction between heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (HS3ST1) and Glypican 4 (GPC4), as well as the influence of the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 on the glycolysis, proliferation, and metastasis ability in LUAD cell lines and their effects on the tumor growth in xenograft animal models. GPC4 promotes HS3ST1-mediated glycolysis, and the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 promotes glycolysis via the miR-200c-3p axis in LUAD cells. The hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 enhances LUAD cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and promotes LUAD tumor growth and metastasis via miR-200c-3p in vivo. These findings highlight that the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 may participate in LUAD progression. Objective: The diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is often delayed due to the typically asymptomatic nature of the early-stage disease, causing advanced-stage LUAD diagnosis in most patients. Hypoxia is widely recognized as a driving force in cancer progression. Exosomes originating from hypoxic tumor cells promote tumorigenesis by influencing glycolysis, migration, invasion, and immune infiltration. Given these insights, our study aimed to explore the role of hypoxia-derived exosomal long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) OIP5-AS1 in LUAD cell lines and mouse models. Materials and Methods: Exosomes were meticulously isolated and authenticated based on their morphology and biomarkers. The interaction between heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (HS3ST1) and Glypican 4 (GPC4) was examined using immunoprecipitation. The influence of the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 on glycolysis was assessed in LUAD cell lines. The effect of the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 on cell proliferation and metastasis was evaluated using colony formation, cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis analyses. Its effects on tumor size were confirmed in xenograft animal models. Results: Our study revealed the mechanism of the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 in LUAD progression. We discovered that GPC4 promotes HS3ST1-mediated glycolysis and that the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 enhances glycolysis by regulating miR-200c-3p in LUAD cells. Notably, this lncRNA stimulates LUAD cell proliferation and metastasis and fosters LUAD tumor size via miR-200c-3p. Our findings underscore the potential role of the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 in LUAD progression. Conclusions: The hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 promotes LUAD by regulating HS3ST1-GPC4-mediated glycolysis via miR-200c-3p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease on the molecular level. The molecular subtype will be altered during metastasis and affect patient outcomes and treatments. Breast cancer is prone to lymph node metastasis. Our study aimed to investigate whether subtype conversion occurs during lymph node metastasis and its underlying mechanism. We confirmed that hormone receptors were down-regulated, while HER2 was up-regulated during lymph node metastasis, and macrophages played a significant role in the process, probably via MNX1. Targeting macrophages or MNX1 may provide new avenues for endocrine therapy and targeted treatment of breast cancer patients with lymph node metastasis. Background: The progression of tumors from less aggressive subtypes to more aggressive states during metastasis poses challenges for treatment strategies. Previous studies have revealed the molecular subtype conversion between primary and metastatic tumors in breast cancer (BC). However, the subtype conversion during lymph node metastasis (LNM) and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Methods: We compared clinical subtypes in paired primary tumors and positive lymph nodes (PLNs) in BC patients and further validated them in the mouse model. Bioinformatics analysis and macrophage-conditioned medium treatment were performed to investigate the role of macrophages in subtype conversion. Results: During LNM, hormone receptors (HRs) were down-regulated, while HER2 was up-regulated, leading to the transformation of luminal A tumors towards luminal B tumors and from luminal B subtype towards HER2-enriched (HER2-E) subtype. The mouse model demonstrated the elevated levels of HER2 in PLN while retaining luminal characteristics. Among the various cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), macrophages were the most clinically relevant in terms of prognosis. The treatment of a macrophage-conditioned medium further confirmed the downregulation of HR expression and upregulation of HER2 expression, inducing tamoxifen resistance. Through bioinformatics analysis, MNX1 was identified as a potential transcription factor governing the expression of HR and HER2. Conclusion: Our study revealed the HER2-E subtype conversion during LNM in BC. Macrophages were the crucial cell type in TME, inducing the downregulation of HR and upregulation of HER2, probably via MNX1. Targeting macrophages or MNX1 may provide new avenues for endocrine therapy and targeted treatment of BC patients with LNM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Despite the proven efficacy and confirmed safety of dendritic cell therapy, the limited response against cancer remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the potential of combinational tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) pulsing to enhance the antigen-presenting ability of dendritic cells. TAAs-pulsed DCs demonstrated anti-cancer capabilities, including tumor growth suppression, increased proliferation of splenic T cells, and elevated IFN-γ secretion. While the combinational pulsing approach shows promise in addressing the limitations of dendritic cell therapies, additional research is required to explore diverse combinations of TAAs for potential therapeutic applications. NSCLC, the most common type of lung cancer, is often diagnosed late due to minimal early symptoms. Its high risk of recurrence or metastasis post-chemotherapy makes DC-based immunotherapy a promising strategy, offering targeted cancer destruction, low side effects, memory formation, and overcoming the immune evasive ability of cancers. However, the limited response to DCs pulsed with single antigens remains a significant challenge. To overcome this, we enhanced DC antigen presentation by pulsing with TAAs. Our study focused on enhancing DC-mediated immune response specificity and intensity by combinatorial pulsing of TAAs, selected for their prevalence in NSCLC. We selected four types of TAAs expressed in NSCLC and pulsed DCs with the optimal combination. Next, we administered TAAs-pulsed DCs into the LLC1 mouse model to evaluate their anti-tumor efficacy. Our results showed that TAAs-pulsed DCs significantly reduced tumor size and promoted apoptosis in tumor tissue. Moreover, TAAs-pulsed DCs significantly increased total T cells in the spleen compared to the unpulsed DCs. Additionally, in vitro stimulation of splenocytes from the TAAs-pulsed DCs showed notable T-cell proliferation and increased IFN-γ secretion. Our findings demonstrate the potential of multiple TAA pulsing to enhance the antigen-presenting capacity of DCs, thereby strengthening the immune response against tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]