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Simple Summary: Regarding the association between obesity and thyroid cancer, most previous studies have focused only on body mass index (BMI), but other measures of obesity have not been studied much with inconsistent results. This study showed a significant association between increased abdominal obesity indexes, such as waist circumference (WC, ≥85.0 cm) and waist-height ratio (WHTR ≥ 0.5) as well as BMI (≥25.0 Kg/m2), and increased risk of thyroid cancer. In addition, people who had both abnormally obese levels of BMI and other obesity indexes including WC, waist–hip ratio, or WHTR showed an increased risk of thyroid cancer, compared to those with normal levels of BMI and each obesity index. These results provide evidence of the contribution of both total and central adiposity across the lifespan to thyroid cancer incidence. Risk factor modifications must be considered to explain the current thyroid cancer epidemic. Objective: This study aimed to identify the association between various obesity indexes, including waist circumference (WC), waist–hip ratio (WHR), waist–height ratio (WHTR), and BMI, and their combinations with body mass index (BMI) and thyroid cancer risk. Methods: Of the 65,639 participants who completed a follow-up survey of the Health Examinee Study (HEXA), a prospective cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, 412 female incident thyroid cancer cases, and 1648 birth year- and enrollment year-matched female controls were included. Multiple conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between obesity indexes and thyroid cancer risk. Results: The risk of developing thyroid cancer was increased by 1.37-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03–1.81) higher in the obese BMI group (≥25.0 Kg/m2) compared to that in the normal BMI group (<23.0 Kg/m2). Obesity in terms of WC (≥85.0 cm) and WHTR (≥0.5) was associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer (OR 1.55, 95% CI = 1.16–2.07; OR 1.37, 95% CI = 1.07–1.75, respectively). However, increased WHR levels did not show any significant association. Women with both obese levels of BMI (≥25.0 Kg/m2) and other obesity indexes (WC ≥ 85.0 cm, WHR ≥ 0.85, or WHTR ≥ 0.5) showed an increased risk of thyroid cancer with OR of 1.63 (95% CI = 1.14–2.31), 1.49 (95% CI = 1.05–2.12), and 1.42 (95% CI = 1.04–1.94), compared to those with normal levels of BMI and each obesity index. Conclusion: These results provide evidence of the contribution of both total and central adiposity across the lifespan of thyroid cancer incidence. Risk factor modifications must be considered to explain the current thyroid cancer epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Our study evaluated the risk factors of incident lung cancer in subjects with newly diagnosed bronchiectasis, using a large nationwide database. In this study, we showed that male sex, overweight, current smoking, living in rural areas, and comorbid COPD were independently associated with a higher risk of incident lung cancer in participants with bronchiectasis, while mild alcohol consumption was negatively associated with lung cancer development in those with bronchiectasis. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the risk factors of lung cancer in patients with bronchiectasis, and it would be helpful for clinicians at real practice. Background: Patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis have an increased risk of lung cancer, followed by higher mortality in this population. Because the risk factors of lung cancer have not been well identified, this study aimed to investigate the risk factors of lung cancer in individuals with newly diagnosed bronchiectasis. Methods: This cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database identified 7425 individuals with incident bronchiectasis among those who participated in the health screening exam in 2009. The cohort was followed from baseline to the date of incident: lung cancer, death, or until the end of the study period. We investigated the risk factors of lung cancer in participants with bronchiectasis using the Cox–proportional hazard models. Results: During median 8.3 years of follow-up duration, 1.9% (138/7425) developed lung cancer. In multivariable analyses, significant factors associated with increased risk of incident lung cancer included: males (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 3.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.17–5.79) than females, the overweight (adjusted HR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.03–2.35) than the normal weight, current smokers (adjusted HR = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.00–4.79) than never smokers, participants living in the rural area (adjusted HR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.68–3.85) than those living in the metropolitan area. Among comorbidities, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (adjusted HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.01–2.13) in participants with bronchiectasis. In contrast, mild alcohol consumption was associated with reduced risk of lung cancer (adjusted HR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.29–0.74) in those with bronchiectasis. Conclusion: This Korean population-based study showed that males, current smoking, overweight, living in rural areas, and comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with increased risk of lung cancer in individuals with bronchiectasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]