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Purpose: To analyze the electrical activity of Flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor digitorum communis for cylindrical grip sizes of 30 mm and 40 mm in stroke patients. Methodology: 10 MCA affected stroke subjects and 10 normal subjects of same dominance, age and occupation were taken by purposeful sampling from physiotherapy department of M.M. Institute of Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation. They were asked to grip two wooden cylinders of size 30mm and 40mm and electrical activity of Flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor digitorum communis i.e. amplitude and duration were analyzed during maximal contraction. The readings were statistically analyzed to compare the difference of activity in the proposed muscles for two different cylinders. Results: The statistical tests revealed that the differences between the amplitude and duration of the proposed muscles in hemiplegic and normal subjects are statistically significant. However, the difference of amplitude and duration of “Flexor digitorum superficialis” and “Extensor digitorum communis” are not statistically significant within the hemiplegic subjects for both the cylindrical diameters but the prolonged duration of Extensor digitorum communis in 40 mm cylinder was significant statistically. Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the amplitude and duration of forearm muscles i.e. flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor digitorum communis when compared with normals. However, only duration of extensor digitorum communis show significant change among the hemiplegic subjects with the change in grip size. The amplitude and duration of flexor digitorum superficialis and amplitude of extensor digitorum communis does not change significantly.

Wilson’s illness is an autosomal dominant impairment of copper metabolism that results from the lack of or dysfunction of a copper-transporting P-type ATPase, which is expressed on chromosome 13. This ATPase is a component of the trans-Golgi network and is carried by hepatocytes. It transports copper into the secretory route where it is combined with ceruloplasmin and excreted as bile. Affected people gradually develop copper accumulation in the liver since the only pathway for copper excretion in physiological settings is through biliary clearance. Hepatocytes experience cell death when their storage capacity is exceeded, which causes hemolysis, copper leakage into the plasma, and tissue deposition. Children might experience rapid liver failure, silent cirrhosis, or chronic hepatitis. Among the neuropsychiatric symptoms induced by copper overload in the central nervous system that are frequently seen in young people are dystonia, tremors, temperamental disorders, and cognitive deficiencies. Test results showing lower ceruloplasmin levels in serum, elevated urine copper concentration, and elevated intrahepatic copper percentage indicate Wilson’s illness. Because there are more than 100 distinct mutations and most people are compound heterozygotes, molecular genetic analysis is difficult. Copper treatment with penicillamine is a successful therapy for the vast number of patients, and liver transplantation is beneficial in situations of chronic liver failure. The molecular genetic causes of Wilson’s disease have shed new light on the mechanisms governing cellular copper homeostasis.

The long-standing style of care known as cardiac rehabilitation (CR) may have been created to lessen the significant burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) on people all over the world. In Post COVID era, maintenance of cardiac health in COVID affected patients has been received much attention. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) may be a sophisticated intervention with multiple components which can provide support in developing health cardiovascular system. The calibre of CR services can vary greatly and have an impact on the extent of patient benefit. The research has demonstrated that cardiac rehabilitation improves quality of life and reduces clinical psychological distress (DSM sadness and anxiety) (QoL). Subclinical discomfort and psychological well-being also demonstrated pertinent clinical implications in cardiac situations. Cardiac rehabilitation could also be an economical. According to studies, the benefits of CR are effective for patients with a variety of cardiac conditions, such as those who have undergone myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass surgery, stable angina, stable chronic heart failure, heart valve replacement, percutaneous coronary treatments, heart transplantation, cardiac arrhythmias, or severe arterial hypertension. As CR, and in several contexts “pre-habilitation,” are in increased demand, a chronic disability management programme is being given more commonly in home and community settings. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic’s new requirements, the employment of distant, personalised solutions within this delivery paradigm is currently changing.

Background: Cancer of the oral cavity is described as the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can be observed in the Oral cavity. The sore in the mouth could resemble a growth or an open sore, but it won’t go away. Cancers of the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palates, sinuses, and throat can develop in the oral cavity. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most prevalent kind of cancer found in mouths and throats. It is well knowledge that tobacco uses in any form, including smoking, chewing tobacco and alcohol consumption, has a substantial influence in the development of oral cancer. It would indicate that patients were unaware of this connection, despite the fact that this is widespread knowledge among medical professionals. Objective: To assess delay in diagnosis of oral cancer. We carried out prospective research on people who had been given a diagnosis of oral cancer. This research paper looks at the disease’s prevalence, the major risk factors for developing oral cancer in India, which include drinking alcohol, smoking or chewing tobacco, and Human papilloma virus (HPV) infections, as well as methods for preventing and treating oral cancer there. Methods: To conduct this study Questionnaires were delivered, assessing oral habits, detect early sign of oral cancer and reasons for delay oral cancer treatment. The analysis made use of the statistical programme SPSS. Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. Result: There were a total of 150 people that took part in the survey. According to this, 68.7 % of oral cancer cases are caused by smoking, 60 % by drinking alcohol, and 65.3 % by chewing tobacco. It was shown that the level of awareness was directly linked to the education level. Conclusions: The awareness level of oral cancer in this highrisk community was excellent; however, significant gaps exist, pointing to the need for focused health education as well as counseling to help individuals quit risk factors.

The department of transfusion medicine, also known as blood bank, is one of the most important parts of a healthcare facility. It provides whole blood as well as different blood components like packed red blood cells (RBCs), thrombocytes, plasma, and coagulation factors to all necessary patient populations. Almost all major surgeries require it and only 2.5 billion of the 5 billion blood units required by our country each year are available. Because human blood cannot be replaced; the gift of life is given through the optimum use of blood and its components. According to the study, the demand for screened blood is very high, and the world requires blood every two seconds. When a patient is admitted to a hospital’s emergency ward, a blood test is almost always performed first and is usually followed by a blood request. Gunshot wounds and unintentional injuries necessitate immediate medical attention, including blood transfusions to compensate for low blood pressure and significant blood loss. A hospital would be considered incomplete without a state-of-the-art blood bank, which significantly facilitates cardiac procedures. Cross-matching and organizing at least five units of packed RBCs is a scheduled step in cardiac surgery. Simultaneously, one donor is cross-matched and tested for all parameters, including infectious markers, and its blood is drawn first when needed during cardiac surgery. After that, the arranged blood units are supplied for transfusion. This happens because freshly drawn blood contains all of the essential components for coagulation. Burns, hemorrhagic disorders, anemia, leukemia, thalassemia, and hemolytic disorders, as well as accidents, all necessitate the use of blood. Patients are transfused with blood on an exchange basis. During an emergency, blood units are released from the blood bank, and replacement blood is drawn from the patient’s relatives. Because of this system of blood unit replacement, many patients’ relatives are hesitant to donate blood or do not have donors for replacement. This gave rise to one of blood banks’ most unethical practices: bringing in paid donors or professional donors to donate blood for patients in exchange for money. This became a major issue for the entire medical community, resulting in the spreading of diseases such as HIV, HBsAg, HCV, SYPHILIS, and blood with low hemoglobin levels being transfused to patients with no clinical benefits.