13 results on '"Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer"'
Search Results
2. Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer as First Hemostatic Liquid Embolic Agent for Non-variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Patients: Pros and Cons
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Olivier Chevallier, Marco Midulla, Romaric Loffroy, and Nicolas Falvo
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,cons ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,medicine.disease ,Hemostatics ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Surgery ,Embolic Agent ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,Medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Polyvinyls ,Upper gastrointestinal bleeding ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - Published
- 2018
3. Reply to: Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer as First Hemostatic Liquid Embolic Agent for Non-variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Patients: Pros and Cons
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Miltiadis Krokidis, Daniele Maiettini, Simone Vagnarelli, Michele Rossi, Gianluigi Orgera, Cesare Ambrogi, Alberto Rebonato, and Marcello Andrea Tipaldi
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Hematologic agents ,cons ,medicine.disease ,Hemostatics ,Surgery ,Embolic Agent ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,medicine ,Humans ,Polyvinyls ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Upper gastrointestinal bleeding ,Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Published
- 2018
4. Treatment of Type II Endoleak Using Onyx With Long-Term Imaging Follow-Up
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Auh Whan Park, Warren Swee, J. Fritz Angle, Alan H. Matsumoto, Minhaj S. Khaja, Saher S. Sabri, Avery J. Evans, and Ulku C. Turba
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Endoleak ,Septal Occluder Device ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Treatment outcome ,Thoracic aortic aneurysm ,Aortic aneurysm ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,medicine.artery ,Humans ,Medicine ,Dimethyl Sulfoxide ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Cyanoacrylates ,Embolization ,Ligation ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Aged, 80 and over ,Aorta ,Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic ,business.industry ,Endovascular Procedures ,Off-Label Use ,medicine.disease ,Embolization, Therapeutic ,Surgery ,Treatment Outcome ,Cardiothoracic surgery ,Retreatment ,cardiovascular system ,Female ,Polyvinyls ,Radiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal ,Abdominal surgery - Abstract
The purpose of our study is to report our experience with the use of an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) in an off-label fashion for the treatment of type II endoleak after endovascular repair of the thoracic (TEVAR) and abdominal (EVAR) aorta.A retrospective review of patients with type I and/or II endoleak treated with Onyx was performed. Data regarding the technical, clinical, and imaging outcomes were collected. Technical success was defined as decreased or eliminated endoleak on the first imaging follow-up. Clinical success was defined as unchanged or decreased aneurysm sac size on subsequent follow-up.Eighteen patients (15 male, 3 female) with a mean age of 79 years (range 69-92) met inclusion criteria (16 abdominal aortic aneurysm, 2 thoracic aortic aneurysm). Sixteen patients had type II endoleak, and 2 had complex type II endoleak with a type I component. The interval between endograft placement and treatment was a mean of 30 months. Direct sac treatment approach was used in 13 patients; transarterial approach was used in 3 patients. Seven patients required the use of coils, N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue, or Amplatzer vascular plugs. The average volume of Onyx used per treatment was 5.6 mL (range 2.5-13). Duration of imaging follow-up was 0.75-72.5 months (mean 32.8). Sixteen of 18 (88.9 %) patients had initial technical and clinical success. Two of 18 patients (11.1 %) were initial technical failures, and 1 remained a failure despite a second treatment and attempted surgical ligation. Eight of 18 (44.4 %) of patients eventually required a second intervention, 5 (27.8 %) of them due to delayed clinical failure. Complications included 1 psoas hematoma, 1 transient L2 nerve paresis, and 1 intraperitoneal Onyx leak; all of these were without clinical sequelae.Onyx with or without coil/glue/Amplatzer plug embolization is safe and useful in the treatment of type II endoleak after TEVAR and EVAR. However, long-term clinical and imaging follow-up is needed for early detection and management of recurrence of the primary endoleak or the development of new, secondary endoleaks or enlargement of the aneurysm sac.
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- 2013
5. Renal Angiomyolipoma: Mid- to Long-Term Results Following Embolization with Onyx
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Shahzad Ilyas, Srividhiya Sriskandakumar, Tarun Sabharwal, and Narayanan Thulasidasan
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Percutaneous ,Angiomyolipoma ,Transcatheter embolization ,medicine.medical_treatment ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Tantalum ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Embolization ,neoplasms ,Aged ,business.industry ,Arterial Embolization ,Long term results ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Embolization, Therapeutic ,Kidney Neoplasms ,Surgery ,Drug Combinations ,Treatment Outcome ,Female ,Polyvinyls ,Radiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Renal angiomyolipoma ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Percutaneous transcatheter embolization is currently the preferred treatment for ruptured or enlarging renal angiomyolipoma (AML), although the optimum choice of embolic material has not yet been established. We present mid- to long-term outcomes following embolization of AMLs with Onyx.Ten AMLs in seven patients (including two with tuberous sclerosis) were embolized with Onyx. Patients were followed-up clinically, with tumour size and renal function measured pre- and post-procedure.Mean pre-treatment AML size was 63.4 mm (range 42-100). Mean clinical follow-up was 431.4 days (range 153-986) and imaging follow-up 284.2 days (range 30-741). There was no haemorrhage from treated lesions within the follow-up period. Of patients who had cross-sectional imaging pre- and post-procedure, mean decrease in AML size of 22 mm was seen after Onyx embolization (p = 0.0058, 95 % CI 9.13-34.87). No significant difference between serum creatinine was seen pre- and post-procedure (p = 0.54, 95 % CI 8.63-4.85).Onyx embolization of renal AMLs is effective in the medium to long term, with theoretical benefits in safety and durability of result.
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- 2016
6. Transarterial Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer Visualization and Penetration After Embolization of Life-Threatening Hemoptysis: Technical and Clinical Outcomes
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Sébastien Bommart, Arnaud Bourdin, Marie France Giroux, François Klein, Antoine Micheau, Valérie Monnin Bares, and Hélène Kovacsik
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Adult ,Male ,Hemoptysis ,medicine.medical_specialty ,genetic structures ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Computed tomography ,Bronchial Arteries ,Radiography, Interventional ,Statistics, Nonparametric ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,X ray computed ,medicine.artery ,Humans ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,In patient ,Embolization ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Aged, 80 and over ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Angiography ,Onyx copolymer ,Middle Aged ,Embolization, Therapeutic ,Treatment Outcome ,Fluoroscopy ,Feasibility Studies ,Female ,Polyvinyls ,Radiology ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Bronchial artery - Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAC) for bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in patients with life-threatening hemoptysis and to compare the visualization and transarterial penetration of EVAC under fluoroscopy and computed tomography (CT).Fifteen patients (mean age, 62.9 (range, 24-82) years) who were referred for life-threatening hemoptysis (27 month period) underwent BAE using EVAC. All patients had thoracic CT examination before and after BAE. Technical and clinical results were evaluated. Visibility and extent of cast penetration (graded 1-4) on fluoroscopy and postprocedure CT were assessed and compared.BAE was feasible in all but one artery (due to spasm; n=27; 96.4%). No procedure-related complications or deaths were detected. Two patients had recurrent bleeding in the following day (13.3%). Immediate clinical success was achieved in 14 cases (93.3%) after reembolization of pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm in one patient (mean follow-up, 43.5 (range, 14-148) days). Visibility of the cast was possible in 73.3% of patients (n=11) under fluoroscopy (mean cast penetration 1.66) and in all patients under CT (mean cast penetration 2.06). The postinjection fluoroscopic visibility in 6 of 15 (40%) patients was inferior to CT (P0.02).BAE with EVAC seems to be feasible and safe with immediate control of hemoptysis in most patients. The postinjection fluoroscopic visibility of EVAC under fluoroscopy was inferior to CT.
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- 2011
7. Onyx Embolization of Sporadic Angiomyolipoma
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Andreas Adam, Tarun Sabharwal, Konstantinos Katsanos, Renato Dourado, and Farhan Ahmad
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Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Angiomyolipoma ,Percutaneous ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Contrast Media ,Embolic Agent ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,medicine ,Humans ,Dimethyl Sulfoxide ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Embolization ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Angiography ,Onyx embolization ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Kidney Neoplasms ,Female ,Polyvinyls ,Radiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
Percutaneous embolization is the currently preferred treatment of symptomatic or ruptured renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs). Alcohol, microparticles, and coils are usually used. We present what is to our knowledge the first case of successful embolization of a solitary sporadic AML with the use of a new nonadhesive liquid embolic agent (ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer; Onyx). Onyx injection was slow and controllable and achieved complete tumor devascularization, producing a characteristic appearance like a vascular cast. Short-term follow-up magnetic resonance imaging showed complete tumor necrosis without any recurrent pathologic vessels. The specific features, potential advantages in AML treatment, and technical limitations of this new liquid embolic agent are discussed.
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- 2008
8. Transarterial Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer Visualization and Penetration After Embolization of Life-Threatening Hemoptysis: Technical and Clinical Outcomes
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Bommart, Sébastien, Bourdin, Arnaud, Giroux, Marie France, Klein, François, Micheau, Antoine, Bares, Valérie Monnin, and Kovacsik, Hélène
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- 2012
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9. Left Gastric Artery Aneurysm: Successful Embolization with Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (Onyx)
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J Nicholas P Higgins, Claire Cousins, Hebert A. Vargas, and Teik Choon See
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Left gastric artery ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Abdominal ct ,Imaging, Three-Dimensional ,Aneurysm ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,medicine.artery ,medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Embolization ,Aged ,Embolization Agent ,business.industry ,Stomach ,medicine.disease ,Embolization, Therapeutic ,Surgery ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Hemorrhagic shock ,Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ,Female ,Polyvinyls ,Radiology ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
Patients with left gastric artery aneurysms present with hemorrhagic shock due to rupture or occasionally it is an incidental finding on abdominal CT examinations. Due to the increased morbidity and mortality from this condition, adequate diagnosis and treatment are essential. In this article we present a patient with a left gastric artery aneurysm treated with a new embolization agent, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx).
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- 2007
10. Transarterial embolization of type II endoleaks after EVAR: the role of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx)
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Andreas G. Schreyer, O Güntner, René Müller-Wille, Peter Heiss, Philipp Wiggermann, Walter A. Wohlgemuth, Christian Stroszczynski, Patrick Hoffstetter, and Niels Zorger
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Endoleak ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Embolic Agent ,Aneurysm ,Postoperative Complications ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,Transarterial embolization ,Complete occlusion ,Medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Embolization ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Endovascular Procedures ,Complex type ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Embolization, Therapeutic ,Surgery ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Treatment Outcome ,Feasibility Studies ,Female ,Polyvinyls ,Radiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Artery ,Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
To determine the feasibility and efficacy of transarterial endoleak embolization using the liquid embolic agent ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx). Over a 7-year period eleven patients (6 women, 5 men; mean age 68 years, range 37–83 years) underwent transarterial embolization of a type II endoleak after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair using the liquid embolic agent Onyx. Two patients (18 %) had a simple type II endoleak with only one artery in communication with the aneurysm sac, whereas 9 patients (82 %) had a complex type II endoleak with multiple communicating vessels. We retrospectively analyzed the technical and clinical success of transarterial type II endoleak embolization with Onyx. Complete embolization of the nidus was defined as technical success. Embolization was considered clinically successful when volume of the aneurysm sac was stable or decreased on follow-up CT scans. Mean follow-up time was 26.0 (range 6–50) months. Clinical success was achieved in 8 of 11 patients (73 %). Transarterial nidus embolization with Onyx was technically successful in 6 of 11 patients (55 %). In three cases the nidus was embolized without direct catheterization from a more distal access through the network of collateral vessels. Onyx is a favorable embolic agent for transarterial endoleak embolization. To achieve the best clinical results, complete occlusion of the nidus is mandatory.
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- 2012
11. Onyx for embolization of life-threatening hemoptysis: a promising but luxury embolic agent!
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Pierre-Yves Genson, Boris Guiu, Sylvain Favelier, Romaric Loffroy, Service de radiologie et d'Imagerie médicale diagnostique et thérapeutique (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand ( CHU Dijon ), Laboratoire Electronique, Informatique et Image ( Le2i ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Laboratoire Electronique, Informatique et Image [UMR6306] (Le2i), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hemoptysis ,[SDV.IB.IMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering/Imaging ,medicine.medical_treatment ,MESH : Male ,Embolization procedure ,Bronchial Arteries ,MESH : Bronchial Arteries ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Embolic Agent ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,[INFO.INFO-IM]Computer Science [cs]/Medical Imaging ,medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,In patient ,MESH : Female ,Embolization ,MESH : Polyvinyls ,MESH : Embolization, Therapeutic ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,[ SDV.IB.IMA ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering/Imaging ,MESH: Humans ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,[ INFO.INFO-IM ] Computer Science [cs]/Medical Imaging ,MESH: Hemoptysis ,business.industry ,MESH : Humans ,Interventional radiology ,Embolization, Therapeutic ,MESH: Male ,3. Good health ,Surgery ,MESH: Embolization, Therapeutic ,Catheter ,MESH: Bronchial Arteries ,MESH: Polyvinyls ,Female ,Polyvinyls ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Early phase ,MESH: Female ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,MESH : Hemoptysis - Abstract
To the Editor,We read with great interest the article by Bommart et al.recently published in Cardiovascular and InterventionalRadiology, which reported the effectiveness of selectivearterial embolization using Onyx in patients with life-threateninghemoptysis [1]. We have several comments. Sinceits marketing, Onyx has been used for the endovasculartreatmentofintracranialaneurysmsandcerebralarteriovenousmalformations [2]. Until now, few studies have examined itsuse for peripheral applications. Onyx is a biocompatiblepolymer, which is an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer(EVOH) that is dissolved in an organic solvent—dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO). It becomes radiopaque by mixing withmicronizedtantalumpowder.WhenOnyx isinjectedintothevessels, the DMSO rapidly diffuses, and EVOH solidifies atthe tip of the catheter in a shape that conforms to the targetarea. The main advantageof Onyx is that, unlike other liquidembolic agents, such as cyanoacrylates, it does not adhere tothe endothelial wall and catheter tip, allowing better control ofdelivery over the embolization procedure [ 3].However, Onyx has some limitations that should beemphasized for use in interventional radiology, as previ-ously reported [4]. First, DMSO can cause severe vaso-spasm, which is most likely to occur in the early phase of theprocedure. This limitation may be avoided by using no morethan 0.2 ml of DMSO in the first minute of injection. Sec-ond, we find the duration of injection often time-consuming,depending of the amount of Onyx needed. This propensityis confirmed by the authors who used up to 3 ml of EVOHper patient and reported a total injection time of DMSO andOnyx up to45 minutesfor their procedure. Procedural timeoftenisofessencewhenusedonanemergencybasis,andtheuse of Onyx may lead to a loss of precious time comparedwith other faster embolic agents, such as glue, in such asetting. Third, DMSO is volatile and is excreted via respi-ration and sweat. This has a typical smell, which may last afew days. The patient should be warned to expect this. Last,Onyx is very expensive compared with other commonlyused embolic materials, and its cost increases with higherconcentrations of copolymer. Its high cost explains itsrestricted use in neuroradiology in most of the institutionsaroundtheworldandneedstobeborne inmindwhenusedinother organs. In conclusion, we think that Onyx is a verypromising, but too luxurious, embolic agent at this time forits use in peripheral indications.
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- 2011
12. Endovascular treatment of acute arterial hemorrhage in trauma patients using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx)
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Ernst-Michael Jung, Patrick Hoffstetter, O W Hamer, Andreas G. Schreyer, Niels Zorger, Peter Heiss, T. Herold, Christian Stroszczynski, Janine Rennert, and René Müller-Wille
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Adolescent ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Hemorrhage ,Thigh ,Embolic Agent ,Sepsis ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,Medicine ,Retroperitoneal space ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Dimethyl Sulfoxide ,Embolization ,Pelvis ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Retrospective cohort study ,Arteries ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Embolization, Therapeutic ,Surgery ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Treatment Outcome ,Feasibility Studies ,Female ,Polyvinyls ,Radiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
This study was designed to determine the feasibility and efficacy of endovascular embolization with liquid embolic agent ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) in patients with acute traumatic arterial bleeding. This is a retrospective review of 13 patients (9 men and 4 women; mean age 45 years) with severe trauma who underwent embolotherapy using Onyx from November 2003 to February 2009. Bleeding was located in the pelvis (5 patients), kidney (3 patients), mesenteric region (2 patients), retroperitoneal space (2 patients), neck (1 patient), and thigh (1 patient). In three cases (23.1%), Onyx was used in conjunction with coils. We evaluate the technical and clinical success, procedural and embolization time, occurrence of rebleeding, and embolotherapy-related complications, such as necrosis or migration of Onyx into nontarget vessels. In all patients, embolotherapy was technically and clinically successful on the first attempt. Control of bleeding could be reached with a mean time of 19 (range, 4–63) min after correct placement of the microcatheter in the feeding artery. No recurrent bleeding was detected. No unintended necrosis or migration of Onyx into a nontarget region was observed. During the follow-up period, three patients (23.1%) died due to severe intracranial hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, and sepsis. Transcatheter embolization with new liquid embolic agent Onyx is technically feasible and effective in trauma patients with acute arterial hemorrhage.
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- 2010
13. Transsinusoidal Portal Vein Embolization with Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (Onyx): A Feasibility Study in Pigs
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Marleen Praet, Luc Defreyne, Emiel J. C. Sturm, Maurice A.A.J. van den Bosch, Maarten A. D. Vente, Frédéric Snaps, Monirath Hav, Maarten L. J. Smits, and Peter Vanlangenhove
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Liver surgery ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Swine ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Contrast Media ,Onyx ,Portal vein embolization ,Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer ,Porcine liver ,Medicine ,Animals ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,In patient ,Dimethyl Sulfoxide ,Portography ,Polyvinyls ,Pig ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Portal Vein ,Embolization, Therapeutic ,Surgery ,Liver ,Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Fluoroscopy ,Laboratory Investigation ,Feasibility Studies ,Female ,Hepatectomy ,business ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Wedged hepatic venography - Abstract
Purpose Portal vein embolization is performed to increase the future liver remnant before liver surgery in patients with liver malignancies. This study assesses the feasibility of a transsinusoidal approach for portal vein embolization (PVE) with the ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, Onyx. Methods Indirect portography through contrast injection in the cranial mesenteric artery was performed in eight healthy pigs. Onyx was slowly injected through a microcatheter from a wedged position in the hepatic vein and advanced through the liver lobules into the portal system. The progression of Onyx was followed under fluoroscopy, and the extent of embolization was monitored by indirect portography. The pigs were euthanized immediately (n = 2), at 7 days (n = 4), or at 21 days postprocedure (n = 2). All pigs underwent necropsy and the ex vivo livers were grossly and histopathologically analyzed. Results Transsinusoidal PVE was successfully performed in five of eight pigs (63%). In 14 of 21 injections (67%), a segmental portal vein could be filled completely. A mean of 1.6 liver lobes per pig was embolized (range 1–2 lobes). There were no periprocedural adverse events. Focal capsular scarring was visible on the surface of two resected livers, yet the capsules remained intact. Histopathological examination showed no signs of recanalization or abscess formation. Mild inflammatory reaction to Onyx was observed in the perivascular parenchyma. Conclusions The porcine portal vein can be embolized through injection of Onyx from a wedged position in the hepatic vein. Possible complications of transsinusoidal PVE and the effect on contralateral hypertrophy need further study.
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