935 results
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2. ICA research agenda on cartography and GI science : viewpoint paper
- Subjects
GIP ,ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE ,ADLIB-ART-2813 - Published
- 2009
3. A Dealer's Perspective on the Future of Paper Maps.
- Author
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Guy, Russell
- Subjects
- *
MAPS , *MAP industry , *MAP dealers , *MAP publishing - Abstract
The paper discusses changes that have occurred over the last 15 years in how maps are sold, where they are sold and who is buying them. The emphasis is on the situation in the United States of America, but developments in Europe and the United Kingdom are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. From Paper Maps to Virtual Reality — A View from Hong Kong.
- Author
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Tung Fung, Yee Leung, and Hui Lin
- Subjects
- *
CARTOGRAPHY , *COMPUTERS , *CARTOGRAPHIC materials , *CARTOGRAPHERS , *VIRTUAL reality - Abstract
Offers a look at the changes in the field of cartography. Impact of the advent of computers on cartography; Changes in cartographic communication; Comparison between the roles of cartographers, map users and virtual reality.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Soviet Tourist Maps: A Short Overview.
- Author
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Byrne, Ian
- Subjects
MAPS ,RAILROAD cars ,METROPOLIS ,CITIES & towns ,AUTOMOBILE travel - Abstract
In recent years, many maps produced in the former Soviet Union have become available. However, researchers have focused on topographical maps or those of Western cities produced by the General Staff for military use, and less on maps created by GUGK, the state mapping agency, for domestic purposes, including tourism. By contrast, this paper focuses on maps produced for tourists, whether travelling by private car or on an organized rail or bus tour. The 42 maps reviewed take three main forms: those covering a single administrative region, ranging from an oblast to a Soviet republic; those of a specific tourist area or associated with a literary hero; and strip maps connecting major cities. The paper considers the general design and symbology used on these maps, tracing some of the stylistic changes and developments in the quarter-century prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Blueprinting in the History of Cartography.
- Author
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Murray, Jeffrey S.
- Subjects
19TH century history ,BLUEPRINTING ,MAPS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,MATHEMATICAL geography - Abstract
From the mid-19th century to the Second World War, blueprinting played an important role in the dissemination of maps. The technology was well suited to meeting the need for inexpensive copies, particularly when print runs required quick production schedules with little or no assistance from skilled tradesmen. Despite its popularity, blueprinting has received little recognition from the historical community. As a result, examples of blueprinting are under-represented in archival collections. This article examines the early development of blueprint mapping and calls for greater study and awareness of the technology as it relates to the mapping industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Lines of Power: The Eighteenth-Century Struggle Over the Norwegian–Swedish Border in Central Scandinavia.
- Author
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Lien, Anne Christine and Lundberg, Anders
- Subjects
ELECTRIC lines ,BORDERLANDS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,STRUGGLE ,NEGOTIATION ,COUNTRIES ,HISTORICAL maps - Abstract
The final position of the Norwegian–Swedish border was determined in 1751, after challenging negotiations. This paper focuses on central parts of Scandinavia and investigates the role of cartography in the border positioning process. The examination of a wide variety of historical maps before and after the border treaty provides insight into the differing opinions on the border region's shifting affiliation. Other factors that helped to shape the borderline were a turbulent political situation with shifting sovereignty over the area in question, as well as conflicts over valuable resources. The findings indicate that cartographic evidence had an important role in the position of the Norwegian–Swedish border in central Scandinavia. The paper adds to our understanding of maps as a political tool as well as of the role of resources in border processes, and provides new knowledge on how cartography influenced a national border between two countries fighting for land, resources and hegemony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The American Southern Baptist Mission and Maps of Yorùbáland: The Evolution of a Cartographic Style.
- Author
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Ogundiwin, Babatunde Adedayo
- Abstract
The Southern Baptist cartographic style portraying Yorùbáland in the mid-nineteenth century shifted the graphic appearance of this geographical space. This paper asserts that this graphic appearance reflects the evangelical thought of spreading the gospel and marked a very significant transition in the visual portrayal of West-Central Africa. Employing an historical-stylistic analysis, this paper examines the Christian missionary contribution to the appearance of the Yorùbá landscape in nineteenth-century maps. The Southern Baptist missionary maps of the 1850s, resulting from evangelical discourses and missionary work, highlighted geographical features that gave a new landscape identity to Yorùbáland. The map design of this ethno-territorial space emphasises an evangelical concern for well-populated regions. Hence, this study highlights the role of missionary maps in the distinctive visual expression of an ethnic territory in West African geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The Third Dimension in Noise Visualization – a Design of New Methods for Continuous Phenomenon Visualization.
- Author
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Beran, Daniel, Jedlička, Karel, Kumar, Kavisha, Popelka, Stanislav, and Stoter, Jantien
- Subjects
VISUALIZATION ,CITIES & towns ,NOISE ,TRAFFIC flow - Abstract
3D cartographic visualization of a continuous time-dependent phenomenon is not an easy task. The focus of this research is motivated by the struggle to visualize such a phenomenon. Based on the current state of the art, we implemented new visualization methods to visualize continuous time-dependent phenomena. All visualizations are based on the use case of road-traffic-generated noise in outdoor urban areas. These visualizations utilize the third dimension of the map scene. The first two methods focus on the variations of the noise in the vertical dimension (i.e. height). The third method is based on the idea of space–time cube and therefore utilizes the time variable as the third dimension. For demonstration purposes, all methods were implemented in an online application. Furthermore, user testing of those applications was conducted. This paper thus describes design, implementation and user evaluation of newly proposed methods for third dimension visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Learning About the Soviet State: The Establishment of Soviet Educational Cartography in the 1920s and 1930s.
- Author
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Gavrilova, Sofia
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,NINETEENTH century ,CURRICULUM ,LEARNING ,MAPS - Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the development and the establishment of Soviet educational cartography, using the example of school world atlases. Geography, as a compulsory school subject, began to be implemented in the curriculum only after 1934, putting maps right at the centre of the educational process. This triggered the formation of new governmental committees and centralized map production, introducing new approaches to school atlases and new content that was aligned to the newly developed programme. This paper, therefore, examines the changes in the cartographic production and content of school world atlases from the late nineteenth century until 1937 against the context of changes in managing and perceiving the Russian and Soviet spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. An Analysis of the Global Symbology of Soviet Military City Plans.
- Author
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Davis, Martin and Kent, Alexander J.
- Subjects
URBAN planning ,MILITARY planning ,CITIES & towns ,MAP design ,TOPOGRAPHIC maps - Abstract
Soviet military maps utilized a comprehensive cartographic symbology that was designed for mapping the globe at various scales, including thousands of towns and cities in street-level detail. This paper presents an analysis of the Soviet symbol specifications, as defined by the official cartographic production documents, and aims to offer some insights into how the challenges of mapping a global diversity of urban and natural environments were addressed. A further stage of the analysis examines a sample of 19 Soviet military city plans to evaluate the implementation of the official symbology specified in the production documents. This finds that barely half of this symbology was utilized and that new symbols were routinely created as improvised solutions. By comparing the theoretical context of the symbology with its real-world application the paper offers a critical appraisal of the versatility of the Soviet approach that may inform current and future global mapping initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Building the Great Chain, Expanding the Empire: Triangulation in the Time of Napoleon.
- Author
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Altić, Mirela
- Subjects
- *
TRIANGULATION , *IMPERIALISM , *ACQUISITION of territory ,FRENCH colonies - Abstract
This paper analyses the development of a triangulation network in the time of Napoleon I, when, due to imperial expansion, the extension of the existing triangulation network was necessary to extend Cassini's original map of France to the newly conquered territories of the French Empire. For this purpose, triangulators had to connect the already existing regional networks with the basic French network, as well as establish completely new ones in regions where they had not existed until then. Connecting various networks into a single chain was not only aimed at improving the accuracy of maps; it was also a clear reflection of a new understanding of territorial sovereignty. This paper examines which networks were established within modern-day northern Italy and maritime Croatia, and how they were mutually harmonized and interconnected, as well as what kind of repercussions this had on the development of mapping and map standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Guidelines for Standardizing the Design of Tactile Maps: A Review of Research and Best Practice.
- Author
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Wabiński, Jakub, Mościcka, Albina, and Touya, Guillaume
- Subjects
MAP design ,LITERATURE reviews ,BEST practices ,PRODUCTION methods - Abstract
Accessibility to tactile maps is limited due to their expensive and time-consuming development. Acceleration of their production requires standardized design guidelines that consider symbol design and production methods. In this paper, based on a review of research and best practice, we summarize knowledge on how to design tactile maps properly and provide a selection of highly legible, recommended symbols for the compilation of tactile maps. We also examine generalization constraints and other design parameters that are necessary for the standardization of tactile mapping. Finally, we explore differences in tactile map design depending upon the selected production method. Over the years, many useful guidelines have been developed although they remain unknown to the wider audience. There is still a long way to go in creating a global standard for the design of tactile maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. A New Map of the World's Hydrosphere.
- Author
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Cameron, Duncan and Kerkovits, Krisztián
- Subjects
SURFACE of the earth ,HYDROSPHERE (Earth) ,WORLD maps ,THEMATIC maps ,MAP projection - Abstract
This paper presents the Cameron Aquatic Projection, a novel concept designed to depict the world's surface hydrosphere as it is, a continuous unbroken unit including oceans and rivers. After a review of related past projections, the paper will describe the parameters of the projection, according to the existing layout of surface water on Planet Earth. This description of the design principles is followed by the mathematical realization of the proposal. The article concludes with completed examples of the projection and suggests future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Evaluating the Geometry of Objects in Cartographic Generalization with Hu's Invariants.
- Author
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Bac-Bronowicz, Joanna, Kozioł, Krystian, Kwinta, Andrzej, Santos, Celso Augusto Guimarães, and Maciuk, Kamil
- Subjects
- *
GENERALIZATION , *GEOMETRY - Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach to assessing the geometry of objects using Hu's invariants in the context of cartographic generalization. The primary focus is to improve the generalization process and produce more readable and informative maps. The study demonstrates the applicability and effectiveness of the modified invariant moment M1* in evaluating regular shape similarity. Experiments, based on 24 shapes, exhibit greater stability in the results and reveal the high suitability of this moment in the investigation and classification of buildings, among other generalization processes. The efficiency of the proposed method is compared to previous generalization techniques, showing a significant improvement in the generalization process. In conclusion, this research contributes to the development of cartographic generalization methods by introducing the use of Hu's invariants for evaluating object geometry. This approach can improve the automation of map generalization processes and more effective communication of geographic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Advancing Global Cartography and GIScience.
- Author
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Cartwright, William
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,MAPS ,GEOGRAPHIC information systems ,RESEARCH ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
The International Cartographic Association (ICA) has, for over 50 years, strived to advance cartographic theory and praxis. Throughout its work throughout the last half-century member organisations, commission and working group members and its various executive committees have established mechanisms to investigate the Art, Science and Technology of Cartography and GIScience. This paper provides an overview of the ICA. It outlines its work and its commitment to facilitate discourse in the discipline through encouraging research, publishing the findings of research and development, disseminating current thinking via various fora, encouraging excellence in map-making through competitions and exhibitions and acting internationally as the key authority in Cartography and GIScience, in many instances through member nations and with sister societies and other international bodies. This is offered to give a background to the papers provided in this special issue of The Cartographic Journal, which offers papers selected by the Scientific Committee of the 25th International Cartographic Conference of the International Cartographic Association, held in July 2011 in Paris, France. These selected papers formed part of over 900 papers that were received, reviewed and published. It is doubly rewarding, as this conference celebrates the 50th anniversary of last Paris ICA conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Teragons for Testing Implementations of Point Reduction Algorithms.
- Author
-
Visvalingam, Mahes
- Subjects
ALGORITHMS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,GEOMETRIC analysis ,GENERALIZATION ,JAVASCRIPT programming language - Abstract
There are several open source and commercial implementations of the Visvalingam algorithm for line generalization. The algorithm provides scope for implementation-specific interpretations, with different outcomes. This is inevitable and sometimes necessary and, it does not imply that an implementation is flawed. The only restriction is that the output must not be so inconsistent with the intent of the algorithm that it becomes inappropriate. The aim of this paper is to place the algorithm within the literature, and demonstrate the value of the teragon-test for evaluating the appropriateness of implementations; Mapshaper v 0.2.28 and earlier versions are used for illustrative purposes. Data pertaining to natural features, such as coastlines, are insufficient for establishing whether deviations in output are significant. The teragon-test revealed an unexpected loss of symmetry from both the Visvalingam and Douglas-Peucker options, making the tested versions unsuitable for some applications, especially outside of cartography. This paper describes the causes, and discusses their implications. Mapshaper 0.3.17 passes the teragon test. Other developers and users should check their implementations using contrived geometric data, such as the teragon data used in this paper, especially when the source code is not available for inspection. The teragon-test is also useful for evaluating other point reduction algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. The Visvalingam Algorithm: Metrics, Measures and Heuristics.
- Author
-
Visvalingam, Mahes
- Subjects
ALGORITHMS ,HEURISTIC ,SOFTWARE measurement ,WEBOMETRICS - Abstract
This paper provides the background necessary for a clear understanding of forthcoming papers relating to the Visvalingam algorithm for line generalization, for example on the testing and usage of its implementations. It distinguishes the algorithm from implementation-specific issues to explain why it is possible to get inconsistent but equally valid output from different implementations. By tracing relevant developments within the now-disbanded Cartographic Information Systems Research Group (CISRG) of the University of Hull, it explains why (a) a partial metric-driven implementation was, and still is, sufficient for many projects but not for others; (b) why the effective area (EA) is a measure derived from a metric; (c) why this measure (EA) may serve as a heuristic indicator for in-line feature segmentation and model-based generalization; (d) how metrics may be combined to change the order of point elimination; and (e) how Tobler's rule-of-thumb is useful for scale-related filtering of EA. The issues discussed in this paper also apply to the use of other metrics. It is hoped that the background and guidance provided in this paper will enable others to participate in further research based on the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Ambiguous Use of Geographical Information Systems for the Rectification of Large-Scale Geometric Maps.
- Author
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Wästfelt, Anders
- Subjects
GEOGRAPHIC information systems ,MAPS ,GEOMETRIC approach - Abstract
Unlike modern maps, geometric maps lack a coordinate system and contain unsystematic geometric inaccuracies. This paper illuminates four aspects concerning the problem of uniting geographical information technology with old geometric maps. These are as follows: first, the origin of and geometric qualities in the representation of objects in geometric maps; second, the distortions originating from measurement techniques; third, the assumption that it is possible to find points that are the same over time for rectification in Geographic Information System (GIS); and, fourth, the extrapolation of unsystematic geometric distortions when using GIS techniques without any knowledge of the present unsystematic distortions in a map. The article presents the background of Swedish geometric maps and a hypothetical example is used to present the principle problems of using GIS techniques to rectify geometric maps. The conclusion of the paper is that systematic and unsystematic geometric distortions need to be identified and handled separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Numbers from a Cartographic Voyage.
- Author
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Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,MAPS ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Alexander Kent on stylistic diversity in medium scale European topographic maps, one by Jantien Stotier and colleagues on specifications for automated solutions for generalising map data, and one by Hartwig Hochmair on the influence of map design on route choice in people's selection and use of public transportation networks.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Chinese and Russian Language Equivalents of the IAU Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: an Overview of Planetary Toponym Localization Methods.
- Author
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Hargitai, Henrik, Li, Chunlai, Zhang, Zhoubin, Zuo, Wei, Mu, Lingli, Li, Han, Shingareva, Kira B., and Shevchenko, Vladislav Vladimirovich
- Subjects
RUSSIAN language ,CHINESE language ,GEOGRAPHIC names ,PLANETARY surfaces ,LUNAR surface - Abstract
The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (GPN) is maintained by the International Astronomical Union Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature. It contains the internationally approved forms of place names of planetary and lunar surface features. In the last decades, spacefaring and other nations have started to develop local standardized equivalents of the GPN. This initiated the development of transformation methods and created a need for auxiliary information on the names in the GPN that is not available from the database of the GPN. The creation of 'localized' (local language) variants of the GPN in non-Roman scripts is an unavoidable necessity, but is also a cultural need. This paper investigates the localization methods into Chinese and Russian; two nations with different scripts, and two that are spacefaring ones. The need for the creation of a localized GPN is related to the local importance of scientific papers published in the local language and the existence of locally developed and operated scientific planetary spacecraft, but exceptions exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The Effect of Display Pixel Density on the Minimum Legible Size of Fundamental Cartographic Symbols.
- Author
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Ledermann, Florian
- Subjects
LED displays ,PIXELS ,SIGNS & symbols ,DENSITY - Abstract
This paper reports findings of a laboratory study that attempts to establish the limits of legibility for fundamental cartographic symbology on modern smartphone screens of varying pixel density. In a controlled setting, participants were asked to discriminate different types of cartographic symbology, while stimulus size was gradually reduced. From the collected results, the limits of discriminability for each symbol type and screen resolution are derived. The paper gives a detailed report and statistical analysis of the results of the experiment and proposes updated guidelines for minimum cartographic symbol sizes for settings in which a high-density display device can be reliably provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. An Empirical Study on Interfaces for Presenting Large Sets of Point Features in Mobile Maps.
- Author
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Gedicke, Sven and Haunert, Jan-Henrik
- Subjects
POINT set theory ,EMPIRICAL research ,VISUAL perception ,FEATURE selection - Abstract
This paper presents an empirical study assessing the usability and utility of different interfaces for visualizing large sets of point features in mobile maps. We focus on interfaces that present only a subset of all features and provide interaction functionalities for browsing through all of the information. We compare an established zoom-and-pan interface against three recently proposed interfaces that do not require a change of map scale or section. Each of the novel interfaces implements one additional, specialized interaction functionality for presenting all information without the need to zoom or pan. As a first step towards user-centred design, we investigate how well the specialized interactions are adopted by users. Given a visual search task, we show that participants performed significantly fewer zooming and panning operations using the novel interfaces than when using the zoom-and-pan interface. Further, we observe advantages in terms of search accuracy and the extent of the visible map area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Verification of Cartographic Communication Models Using Detection of Map Reading Strategies Based on Eye Movement Recording.
- Author
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Beitlova, Marketa, Popelka, Stanislav, Konopka, Martin, and Macku, Karel
- Subjects
READING strategies ,EYE movements ,COMMUNICATION models ,MAPS ,EYE tracking ,CARTOGRAPHERS - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to introduce a method that can be used for the verification of cartographic communication models. The authors of the maps were placed in the role of the users of their maps. Then, eye-tracking was utilized to reveal their map reading strategies and compare them with the strategies of other cartographers and cartographic novices. The crucial part of the data analysis was scanpath comparison using the sequence of visited Areas of Interest, which helped quantify map reading strategies' similarity. The use of the same strategy as the map author used might be a prerequisite for users' proper understanding of a map reflected by the overlap of the author's and users' realities in Koláčný's model. The overlap was considerable in most cases; however, exceptions in which authors used a different map reading strategy were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. A Proposal for Multi-scale Topographic Map Symbols for Roads and Buildings in Brazilian Urban Areas.
- Author
-
Araujo, Vitor Silva de, Andrade, Andrea Faria, and Camboim, Silvana Philippi
- Subjects
TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,CITIES & towns ,PROTOCOL analysis (Cognition) ,DIGITAL technology - Abstract
Topographic maps are widely used to provide geospatial information on digital environments, and the principles of cartographic communication positively impact its design. This paper proposes new road and building symbols in mapping Brazilian urban areas, aiming to increase the effectiveness of map-reading tasks (MRTs) in a multi-scale context. For this purpose, colour theory and semiotics were applied to develop new symbols and a remote test through an adapted think-aloud protocol. The results showed that users performed better with the proposed symbols than the previous ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Notes on the Eisenlohr Projection.
- Author
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Strebe, Daniel
- Subjects
MAP projection ,WORLD maps ,CONFORMAL mapping - Abstract
Friedrich Eisenlohr presented a map projection in 1870 that is optimal for a conformal world map of the sphere interrupted along an entire meridian. The projection has received little attention in the literature despite its theoretical importance. This paper gives alternative formulations for the projection and its scale factors and develops an efficient inverse for the projection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. John H. Andrews: Historian of Irish Cartography.
- Author
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Oliver, Richard
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,HISTORIANS ,HISTORY of cartography ,CARTOGRAPHIC materials ,CARTOGRAPHERS - Abstract
27th May 1927 to 15th November 2019 Graph After graduating from Cambridge, John Harwood Andrews joined the geography department at Trinity College, Dublin in 1954, from which he retired as Associate Professor in 1990. The spread of Harley's ideas was not impeded by his premature death in 1991; Andrews published several papers arguing for a less theory-dependent approach, but seemed to be battling against the tide. (1975) A Paper Landscape: The Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Tactile Mapping: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow.
- Author
-
Tatham, Andrew F.
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,TOUCH ,PEOPLE with visual disabilities ,MATHEMATICAL geography - Abstract
The paper presents an overview the development of techniques in and uses of tactile mapping[sup 2] through the last fifty or so years. It provides both a background for the other papers in this issue,[sup 3] and an account of the current state of the art. It notes that cartography has almost as much to learn from tactile cartography as vice versa, and suggests possible routes and areas for future developments in tactile mapping and the education and care of blind and visually impaired people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Implications of Weighting Metrics for Line Generalization with Visvalingam's Algorithm.
- Author
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Visvalingam, M. and Whelan, J. C.
- Subjects
SOFTWARE measurement ,WEBOMETRICS ,GENERALIZATION ,STATISTICAL weighting ,ALGORITHMS ,PARAMETERS (Statistics) - Abstract
Visvalingam's algorithm was designed for caricatural line generalization. A distinction must be made between the algorithm and its operational definition, which includes the metric used to drive it. When the algorithm was first introduced, it was demonstrated using the concept of the effective area of triangles. It was noted that alternative metrics could be used and that the metrics could be weighted, for example to take account of shape. Ordnance Survey (Great Britain) and others are using Visvalingam's algorithm for generalizing coastlines and other natural features, with complex parameter-driven functions to weight the original metric. This paper shows how free software and data were used to scrutinize the implications of one of Matthew Bloch's simple and transparent weighting functions. The results look promising, when compared with manually produced mid and small-scale maps; and encourage further research focussed on weighting functions and related topics, such as self-intersection of lines and model-based generalization. The paper discusses why weights were used in some projects. It comments on their range of applicability and reiterates the original guidance provided for the use of weights. It also demonstrates how weights can undermine the algorithm's capacity to draw caricatures with very few points. The paper provides sufficient background and links to the authors’ test data and to open source software for the benefit of others wishing to undertake research in line generalization using Visvalingam's algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. A Comparative Analysis of the Soviet Military City Plans of Tel Aviv, Israel and Copenhagen, Denmark (1985).
- Author
-
Schaffer, Gad and Svenningsen, Stig Roar
- Subjects
URBAN planning ,MILITARY planning ,COMPARATIVE studies ,THEMATIC mapper satellite - Abstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the Soviet military city plans of Tel Aviv (Israel) and Copenhagen (Denmark), that both date from 1985. It presents a methodological framework to examine and compare the quality and completeness of thematic information included in the plans, particularly the strategically important objects (which are identified, numbered and colour coded according to their function). Our results indicate that the Soviet city plans do not include all military sites located in the areas they cover. In addition, several sites are erroneously included in the lists of strategically important objects and the lists also include obsolete information on sites that were no longer in military use. Ultimately, our analysis found no substantial difference in thematic accuracy between the two plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. A Brief Overview of Soviet and Russian Military Map Symbology and Terms.
- Author
-
Bartles, Charles K.
- Subjects
TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,MAPS - Abstract
Soviet and Russian military maps may comprise any combination of over 1,000 map symbols and 3,000 Russian terms. These symbols and terms identify tangible aspects such as locations, unit/equipment type and numbers, but some symbols, and groupings of symbols, can also denote more subjective aspects such as movement over time, types of manoeuvres, relationship to the surrounding environment and other activities or conditions. Unlike Russian topographic maps that have a well-documented symbology system, there has been little study of Soviet/Russian military map symbology and terms. This paper offers a brief overview of the topic and discusses a few examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Soviet Military Maps of China.
- Author
-
Aylmer, Charles
- Subjects
MAPS ,GEOGRAPHIC names ,TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,CITIES & towns ,URBAN planning ,GOVERNMENT agencies - Abstract
As long as maps produced by the official Chinese state mapping agency at scales larger than 1:1,000,000 remain inaccessible, Soviet General staff maps provide the best alternative. Although toponyms are given only in cyrillicized form, vernacular script equivalents may be found on pre-1945 Japanese military survey maps as well as on some maps of the US Army Mapping Service (AMS). A unique feature of the Soviet 1:200,000 map series is the accompanying spravka or descriptive text on the reverse of each sheet, probably constituting in aggregate the most detailed description of China ever compiled. Soviet General Staff plans of Chinese cities include 'objects' of military significance, many of which are omitted or not identified on any other mapping. This paper presents translations of the spravka from a representative sheet of the 1:200,000 series and from the city plan of Beijing, together with an evaluation of the reliability of their content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Lists of Important Objects on Soviet Military City Plans – An Initial Analysis.
- Author
-
Davies, John and Watt, David
- Subjects
URBAN planning ,MILITARY planning ,CITIES & towns ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,GLOBALIZATION - Abstract
The plans of world cities outside the USSR that were produced by the Soviet military during the Cold War each include a List of Important Objects. These are items of significant strategic economic, administrative or military importance. This paper examines these object lists from Soviet military plans of British cities and discusses their contents. It concludes that there is considerable variation in their comprehensiveness and some inconsistency in the criteria used to select objects for inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Cartographically Wordy but not Necessarily Worthy.
- Author
-
Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
EDITORIALS ,MAPS ,COMPUTER network resources ,CARTOGRAPHY ,METAPHOR - Abstract
The author discusses a notion that many maps may be visually engaging but reveal very little data. He uses the word cloud as a metaphor for many current online mapping, which he describes as very visual and engaging but ultimately lacking in purposeful information. He asserts that a lot of online mapping fails because of the use of third-party map services to produce such maps, giving little thought to design, layout or the message to be communicated.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Cartographic Upgrading: Manual to Automatic.
- Author
-
Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
MAPS ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one on a new standard for symbol design for landmine hazards and mine actions and another on the relationship of road maps with advertising for the period 1860-1940.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. An Analysis of Drawing Techniques used on European Topographic Maps in the Eighteenth Century.
- Author
-
Medyńska-Gulij, Beata and Żuchowski, Tadeusz J.
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHIC materials ,TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,CARTOGRAPHERS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,TOPOGRAPHY - Abstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the drawing techniques (i.e. tools, materials and procedures) used in eighteenth-century manuscript topographic maps of European countries. The application of analytical methods from the field of art history to analyse the graphical means of expression in a sample of 11 maps, which are both unique and characteristic of eighteenth-century cartography, provides a new perspective for examining the relationship between drawing techniques and aesthetic responses to topographic subjects. The study concludes that drawing techniques are an important aspect in the evolution of the professional and aesthetic visualization of European topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Preserving Change Information in Multi-temporal Choropleth Maps Through an Extended Data Classification Method.
- Author
-
Schiewe, Jochen
- Abstract
Diverse user requirements has led to an increasing availability of multi-temporal data, the analysis of which often requires visualization, e.g. in multi-temporal choropleth maps. However, if using standard data classification methods for the creation of these maps, problems arise: significant changes can be lost by data classification (change loss) or non-significant changes can be emphasized (change exaggeration). In this paper, an extended method for data classification is presented, which can reduce these effects as far as possible. In the first step, class differences are set for important or necessary changes. The actual data classification considers these class differences in the context of a sweep line algorithm, whose optimal solution is determined with the help of a measure called Preservation of Change Classes (POCC). By assigning weights during computation of this measure, different tasks or change analyses (e.g. emphasize only highly significant changes) can be processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Designing Metaphorical Multivariate Symbols to Optimize Dockless Bike Sharing.
- Author
-
Wu, Mingguang and Qiao, Lige
- Subjects
COGNITIVE load ,SIGNS & symbols ,SHARING ,EYE tracking - Abstract
While dockless bike sharing is gaining popularity, oversupplied and poorly maintained bikes introduce chaos and waste (e.g., so-called zombie bikes that unused). Spatiotemporal pattern visualizations can help policy-making and infrastructure improvement (e.g., allocating parking areas). However, multivariate symbolizing (e.g., supply, flow, usage) to optimize dockless bike sharing is challenging. In this paper, we introduce metaphor theory to design multivariate symbols. First, we systemically explore the coupling of three metaphor types (orientational, ontological and structural) with symbols at three levels of iconicity. Then, we construct metaphorical symbols for optimizing dockless bike sharing following a user-centred design process. We also offer an evaluation using eye-tracking and questionnaire techniques. The results indicate that, compared with bin-packing and multiview symbols, metaphorical symbols significantly improved effectiveness and efficiency, and reduced participants' cognitive load. Our evaluation presents preliminary evidence that metaphors can offer new organizational mechanisms for map symbols to represent multivariate naturally and effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. A Late Enlightenment Enterprise: The British East India Company's Survey of the Paracels in 1808.
- Author
-
Ding, Yannan
- Subjects
BRITISH occupation of India, 1765-1947 ,ENLIGHTENMENT ,HISTORY of cartography ,ARCHIVAL materials ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
This paper describes the survey of the Paracels organized by the British East India Company (EIC) in 1808 in the context of the late Enlightenment. It documents the preparatory work for and execution of the survey to show that it overturned the erroneous representations of the Paracels on maps and charts from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century. Using new archival material, including ship's journals, memoirs, and private letters, this paper examines details of this survey, including patronage networks and the role played by institutions to argue that the late Enlightenment was a period of transformation in the epistemology and methodology of geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The British Cartographic Society Awards 2022.
- Author
-
Goldsmith, Jim
- Subjects
AWARDS ,THEMATIC maps ,DIGITAL maps ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
The British Cartographic Society Awards 2022 recognized outstanding cartographic work and scholarship from around the world. The winners were announced for various categories, including the British Cartographic Society Award, the Peter Jolly Award, the Avenza Award for Electronic Mapping, the Garsdale Design Award for 3D Mapping, the Henry Johns Award for the Most Outstanding Paper Published in The Cartographic Journal, the Ian Mumford Award for Excellence in Original Cartographic Research by Students, the John C Bartholomew Award for Thematic Mapping, the OS Award for Excellence in The Application Of Ordnance Survey Data, and the Stanfords Award For Printed Mapping. The awards were presented virtually due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Producing Tactile Maps Using New Inkjet Technology: an Introduction.
- Author
-
McCallum, Don, Rowell, Jonathan, and Ungar, Simon
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,INK-jet printers ,PIEZOELECTRIC devices ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Three common methods for producing tactile maps are mixed media, microcapsule paper and thermoform. This paper describes a new method for producing tactile diagrams using piezoelectric inkjet. To produce diagrams a photo-curing acrylic polymer ink is repeatedly printed onto a thermoplastic substrate and exposed to ultraviolet light which bonds the ink to the substrate and cures it solid. The speed and precision of the process means maps with fine, easily discriminated tactile features will be readily available to users. The new process will facilitate further psychological, psychophysical and cartographic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Herbert Bayer's World Geo-Graphic Atlas of 1953: A Modern Atlas, Then and Now.
- Author
-
Harvey, Francis
- Subjects
ATLASES ,TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,THEMATIC maps ,VISUAL fields ,ENGAGED reading - Abstract
Herbert Bayer (1900–1985) created the World Geo-Graphic Atlas (published in 1953) – an influential atlas that followed modernist design principles associated with the Bauhaus. This paper focuses on the modernist exhibition design concepts he refined in his work on this seminal atlas of the twentieth century. The Atlas stands out in its successful expansion of the predominant map-centric atlas framework that is augmented by modernist approaches to visualization. The central concept used in the Atlas, the extended field of vision from exhibit design and architecture, was central to its organization and presentation. The Atlas integrates topographic maps, concise textual narration, tables, pictograms, thematic maps, geovisualization, artwork that uses modernist graphic techniques, and approaches to support flexible reader engagement. This exemplary atlas – both then and now – communicates a broad diversity of geographic knowledge of regions and countries from around the world through graphical means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Cartographies of Fuzziness: Mapping Places and Emotions.
- Author
-
Poplin, Alenka
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHERS ,CARTOGRAPHY software ,AFFECTIVE forecasting (Psychology) ,CONTINENTS ,LANGUAGE & emotions - Abstract
Mapping emotions and places is an emerging field in cartography. This article explores expressed emotions related to power places, which are defined as places at which people can recharge and relax. At these places they can find their balance and inner power. Our research is based on empirical experiments in Germany and the USA in which the participants self-identified and mapped their power places. They described them and selected expressions for emotions that best describe how they feel at these places. The main goal of this paper is to compare the results gained on two different continents. Using Russell's Circumplex Model of Affect, we explore the cultural differences by mapping emotions in a two-dimensional circular place. We conclude the article with a discussion of the results and further research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Equal-Area Projections of the Triaxial Ellipsoid: First Time Derivation and Implementation of Cylindrical and Azimuthal Projections for Small Solar System Bodies.
- Author
-
Nyrtsov, Maxim V., Fleis, Maria E., Borisov, Michael M., and Stooke, Philip J.
- Subjects
AZIMUTHAL projection (Cartography) ,SMALL solar system bodies ,MICROSPACECRAFT ,ELLIPSOIDS ,MERIDIANS (Geodesy) ,JACOBI method - Abstract
Many small solar system bodies such as asteroids or small satellites have irregular shapes, often approximated by the reference surface of a triaxial ellipsoid. Map projections for the triaxial ellipsoid are needed to present the incoming data in the form of maps. In this paper the formulae of equal-area cylindrical and azimuthal projections of the triaxial ellipsoid were derived and practically implemented for the first time using as an example the asteroid 253 Mathilde. This paper is the final in a series of papers devoted to all main classes of projections of the triaxial ellipsoid. Before this, the authors obtained equidistant along meridians projection and Jacobi conformal projection for the triaxial ellipsoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Feature Definitions in Feature Catalogues.
- Author
-
Racetin, I.
- Subjects
PRIMORDIALISM ,CATALOGS ,RESEARCH methodology ,CODING theory - Abstract
First, an overview of the main terms used in the paper is presented, such as feature catalogue, object, feature, and so on. Then INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) Directive, STOKIS (Službeni topografski i kartografski informacijski sustav RH), ATKIS (Amtliches topographisch-kartographisches Informationssystem) and FACC (Feature and Attribute Coding Catalogue) are explained. The main section of the paper refers to the problem of defining features in feature catalogues. Adequate solutions to this problem are offered on the basis of conducted research. An overall acceptable model for feature definition is offered. The importance of the proposed model for defining features is explained on the feature 'avenue of trees'. The research results are applicable in countries attempting to create their first feature catalogues with the aim of developing a topographic information system, or in those wanting to produce a new edition of their existing feature catalogue. Since the suggested model is included, it can be used for the future development of the INSPIRE feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. A Similarity-Based Approach for Improving the Efficiency of Drawing Spatiotemporal Point Features.
- Author
-
Wu, Mingguang, Lv, Guonian, and Zhang, Kun
- Subjects
REDUNDANCY in engineering - Abstract
The mapping of spatiotemporal point features plays an important role in geovisualization. However, such mapping suffers from low efficiency due to computational redundancy when similar symbols are used to visualize spatiotemporal point features. This paper presents a similarity-based approach to predict and avoid computational redundancy, which improves mapping efficiency. First, to identify computational redundancy, the similarity of point symbols is measured based on commonalities in symbol graphics and symbol drawing operations. Second, a similarity-enhanced method is proposed to comprehensively predict and avoid computational redundancies when mapping spatiotemporal point features. This approach was tested using two real-world spatiotemporal datasets. The results suggest that the proposed approach offers relatively large performance improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Cartographic Delimitation of the City Centre Using Mental Sketches.
- Author
-
Nieścioruk, Kamil
- Subjects
GEOGRAPHICAL perception ,GEOGRAPHIC information system software ,DRAWING ,CONCEPT mapping ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,COGNITIVE computing - Abstract
The paper deals with the problem of the city centre delimitation. The direct, survey research of almost one hundred respondents has been conducted. The test groups were teenagers, students of two Lublin schools. The research method was a freehand, basic mental sketch map, giving surveyed people a freedom of both content and form of a sketch. The mental (or cognitive) mapping is a well-established approach in the fields of psychology, geography, social science, planning and more with a wide scope of topics being tested with this methodology. The gathered data were processed in the GIS software using vectorization of the centre extents and map algebra approach. The results are presented in a form of data-aggregating maps for a whole group of students as well as for subgroups (different schools, different place of residence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. 'Ordnance Survey: Global Brand, National Treasure'.
- Author
-
Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
PREFACES & forewords ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
The article discusses various reports published within the issue including the several papers related to the products from Ordnance Survey and a paper on generalization of building outlines from base scale data for the production of 1:500,000 scale maps.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Editorial Note on 42.2.
- Author
-
Vujakovic, Peter
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHIC materials ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
This article introduces several papers which deal with cartographic materials.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Preventing False Memories and Revitalizing Collective Memory with the Help of Historical Cartographic Materials and GIS: An Examination of the Lost Piers of Mersin.
- Author
-
Beyhan, Burak and Çelik, Mehtap
- Abstract
Piers are vital elements in the formation of collective memory in Mediterranean port cities and they played an important role in Mersin's urban life until the 1950s. Although there are some oral history-based studies attempting to spatialize them, they lack any measure of accuracy and reliability, and carry the risk of leading to false memories. In this context, the aim of this paper is to illustrate that collective memory can be properly reconstructed by using historical maps only if appropriate methods of analysis and reliable maps are used. In this study, which is based on various historical maps of Mersin city, the locations of the lost piers have been determined by using georeferencing tools available in QGIS. The study reveals that the tendency to construct false memories could be prevented by using reliable maps and appropriate tools in GIS in combination with the archive records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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