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A facile chemical synthetic route has been demonstrated for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles decorated phosphate functionalized graphene oxide (CuO/PGO). The synthesized nanocatalyst was used as an efficient and active candidate for the synthesis of β-amino carbonyl compounds viaa green synthetic ultrasonic route. The structural properties of the samples were investigated by means of a number of sophisticated techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), N2 adsorption-desorption measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, Ammonia temperature programmed desorption analysis (NH3-TPD) and Raman spectroscopy. HRTEM analysis confirmed the presence of spherical CuO nanoparticles distributed uniformly throughout the PGO surface. XPS analysis demonstrated the presence of Cu2+ species and minor reduction of oxygen functional groups on GO. A higher surface area of 162 m2/g for CuO/PGO was found from N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. Later on, the presence of acidic groups on CuO/PGO that play an essential role in the catalytic activity was examined by NH3-TPD and pyridine adsorbed IR analysis. The total acidity on the surface of synthesized nanocatalyst was found to be of 0.59 mmol g−1 which includes both Lewis as well as Bronsted acidic sites. A higher product yield of 95% in a shorter period of time of 15 min was achieved which is superior to many reported catalytic systems. A combined strategy involving greener and easier ultrasonic route and use of an efficient acidic graphene oxide-based catalyst resulted in higher catalytic activity and stability with good recyclability.