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Although soil erosion and land use change have long been focuses in carbon research, the combined influence of soil erosion and vegetation rehabilitation on aggregate stability and the associated soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) remains unclear. The current study evaluated the effects of soil erosion on aggregate stability and the associated SOC and TN dynamics in relation to vegetation rehabilitation after the implementation of the “Grain-for-Green” project in the hilly Loess region. A check dam sediment sequence was dated using 137 Cs activity and erosive rainfall events. The SOC and TN in the bulk soil and aggregate fractions were measured in soils from rehabilitated grasslands and sloping croplands and in sediments retained by the check dam. The results showed that vegetation rehabilitation led to 78%, 27% and 9% average increases in the macroaggregate amount, mean weight diameter (MWD) and mean geometric diameter (MGD), respectively. In addition, rehabilitation resulted in the highest SOC and TN concentrations and contents in macroaggregates among all the aggregate size fractions. Soil erosion facilitated the modification of the aggregate size distributions along with soil mineralization and induced the incorporation of deeper SOC-poor soils during transport. These processes resulted in the aggregate-associated SOC and TN concentrations and contents in the sediments being significantly lower than those in the eroding sloping cropland soils. The highest reductions were found in microaggregates, which exhibited decreases of 48% and 44% for SOC and TN, respectively. Moreover, reaggregation and gully soils incorporated during soil erosion led to higher values of macroaggregate amount and aggregate stability at depositional sites than those at eroding sloping cropland sites in this study. Our study contributes to the understanding of the effects of soil erosion and vegetation rehabilitation on SOC and TN dynamics, which is crucial for understanding the restoration efficiency in soil erosion control and ecosystem security evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]