1. RIPK1/RIPK3 promotes vascular permeability to allow tumor cell extravasation independent of its necroptotic function
- Author
-
Peter J. Gough, Janin Knop, W. Wei-Lynn Wong, John Bertin, Rosario Yerbes, Kristy Rieck, Lisanne M. Spilgies, Lazaros Vasilikos, Tvisha Misra, Carmen Ruiz de Almodovar, Aida Freire Valls, Kay Hänggi, Thomas Schmidt, University of Zurich, and Wong, W Wei-Lynn
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,Cancer Research ,Programmed cell death ,Stromal cell ,Necroptosis ,Immunology ,2804 Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Melanoma, Experimental ,610 Medicine & health ,Vascular permeability ,Apoptosis ,Biology ,10263 Institute of Experimental Immunology ,Malignant transformation ,Cell Line ,1307 Cell Biology ,Capillary Permeability ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,Necrosis ,Bone Marrow ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ,Animals ,Humans ,1306 Cancer Research ,Kinase activity ,Inflammation ,2403 Immunology ,Tumor microenvironment ,Cell Death ,Cell Biology ,Vascular endothelial growth factor ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ,Cancer research ,570 Life sciences ,biology ,Original Article ,Endothelium, Vascular - Abstract
Necroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death requiring receptor-interacting protein kinase 1, 3 (RIPK1, RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). The kinase of RIPK3 phosphorylates MLKL causing MLKL to form a pore-like structure, allowing intracellular contents to release and cell death to occur. Alternatively, RIPK1 and RIPK3 have been shown to regulate cytokine production directly influencing inflammatory immune infiltrates. Recent data suggest that necroptosis may contribute to the malignant transformation of tumor cells in vivo and we asked whether necroptosis may have a role in the tumor microenvironment altering the ability of the tumor to grow or metastasize. To determine if necroptosis in the tumor microenvironment could promote inflammation alone or by initiating necroptosis and thereby influencing growth or metastasis of tumors, we utilized a syngeneic tumor model of metastasis. Loss of RIPK3 in the tumor microenvironment reduced the number of tumor nodules in the lung by 46%. Loss of the kinase activity in RIPK1, a member of the necrosome also reduced tumor nodules in the lung by 38%. However, the loss of kinase activity in RIPK3 or the loss of MLKL only marginally altered the ability of tumor cells to form in the lung. Using bone marrow chimeras, the decrease in tumor nodules in the Ripk3−/− appeared to be due to the stromal compartment rather than the hematopoietic compartment. Transmigration assays showed decreased ability of tumor cells to transmigrate through the vascular endothelial layer, which correlated with decreased permeability in the Ripk3−/− mice after tumor injection. In response to permeability factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, RIPK3 null endothelial cells showed decreased p38/HSP27 activation. Taken together, our results suggest an alternative function for RIPK1/RIPK3 in vascular permeability leading to decreased number of metastasis.
- Published
- 2017