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Introduction: Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy (THI) is a primary immunodeficiency characterised by low levels of immunoglobulin G (often with concomitant decrease of IgA and sometimes also of IgM) with still unknown exact reason. A delayed normalisation of the immunoglobulin level in THI may be associated with a transiently elevated number of regulatory T cells (Treg). Although in cancer and chronic inflammation it was shown that the level of Treg cells can be increased by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), until now no studies have been performed in the context of the role of MDSCs in THI and their correlation with Treg cells. Consequently, we aimed to determine the occurrence of MDSCs in the peripheral blood of children with THI and correlate their level with the level of Treg cells., Material and Methods: Flow cytometry analyses of Mo-MDSCs and Gr-MDSCs, characterised as HLA-DR - CD11b + CD15 - CD14 + and HLA-DR - CD11b + CD15 + CD14 - , respectively, and Treg (CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + ) cells were performed., Results: The proportion of Mo-MDSCs and Gr-MDSCs was significantly higher in the group of THI patients with elevated level of Treg cells (from the 95% confidence interval level of healthy controls). The cells with Mo-MDSC and Gr-MDSC characteristics positively correlated with the level of Treg cells. Moreover, children with a higher proportion of circulating Treg cells, and thereby higher level of MDSCs, showed delayed normalisation of IgG level and recovery., Conclusions: These findings show for the first time that MDSCs may be involved in the pathomechanism of THI, probably acting through the induction of Treg cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Introduction: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancer-related causes of death. This is mainly due to the lack of good noninvasive method/biomarkers suitable for early-tumour diagnosis and planning of further therapy modalities. Chemokines play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis formation. In gastric cancer patients, clinical relevance of CXCL12 and CCL5 level has been postulated., Aim of the Study: Efforts were undertaken to examine whether expanded chemokine range may be relevant for evaluation of preoperative staging of gastric cancer patients., Material and Methods: Plasma from 66 gastric cancer patients and 11 healthy controls was obtained, and CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 levels were determined by flow cytometry FlexSet system., Results: In gastric cancer patients' plasma an increased level of CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 was observed. In the case of CCL2, CXCL9, and CXCL10, the chemokine levels correlated with advanced (III and IV in TNM classification) disease stage. In the case of CCL4, CCL5, and CXCL8, elevated levels were observed in all cancer patients in comparison to healthy donors., Conclusions: The accuracy of preoperative diagnosis in gastric cancer may include the monitoring of a wide range of chemokines in patients' plasma. Increased levels of chemokines may warn that the disease is more advanced than conventional diagnostic procedures suggest., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.