Search

Why would natural selection favor the prevalence of cooperation within the groups of selfish individuals? A fruitful framework to address this question is evolutionary game theory, the essence of which is captured in the so-called social dilemmas. Voluntary participation is considered as an effective approach to promote the persistence of cooperative behavior. Because three strategic types of players lead to a rock–scissor–paper dynamic with cyclic dominance. There is no doubt that loner has played a very important role. Thus we introduce a parameter p represents loners’ participation willingness in order to explore the impact of its on cooperation in voluntary prisoner's dilemma. Large quantities of simulations demonstrate that for traditional case ( p = 1 ), three strategies will coexist. However, with p decreases, loners will greatly increase, and cooperation level declines, because defectors can be suppressed very fast. More interesting, when defectors completely vanish, cooperation becomes the best strategy, and holds the whole system. Thus our work present a viable method of understand the ubiquitous cooperative behaviors in nature and hope that it will inspire further studies to resolve social dilemmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many literatures suggest that incorporating the environment of a focal player (denoted by the average payoff of its all immediate neighbors) into its fitness can promote cooperation in spatial evolutionary games. However, the immediate neighbors influence the focal one to varying degree. Inspired by these, we quantify the focal player's environment with a weighted average payoff of its all immediate neighbors via two interdependent parameters. Numerous simulations show that two moderate parameter pairs favor cooperation, in addition, when the contribution of all immediate neighbors’ payoffs to the environment is negative, the cooperation is promoted remarkably. The generality of this mechanism is verified on different networks and more games. Our work might shed light on the understanding of the evolution of cooperative behaviors in real life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]