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The first article in a series of five papers devoted to hydrogen energy digitalization. The article discusses the prospects of hydrogen energy use as an alternative to fossil fuels, the objectives of using hydrogen as an energy source, and the problems that arise with it. Methods for obtaining energy from hydrogen without accompanying adverse emissions into the environment are described. The impact of the economy digitalization on production processes, as well as the most popular digital technologies and their role in hydrogen energy are shown. The digital processes available and currently being implemented, as well as promising, developing technologies for the transition to digitalization, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of research on the processing of spent acid etching solution (SAES) produced during manufacturing of titanium products by their etching in hydrochloric acid are presented in this paper. The processing technology consists of neutralizing SAES with alkali, filtering, drying and calcining of titanium hydroxide precipitate, and also processing of filtrate by electrodialysis in a cell with ion-exchange membranes. Anion-, cation- and bipolar ion exchange membranes were used. It is shown that the processing of SAES formed during etching of titanium products makes it possible to purify effluents to remove NaCl in an electrodialysis cell with monopolar and bipolar membranes. Transfer of Na+ and Cl– ions through the bipolar membrane MB-1 was observed. Thus, solutions generated in acid and alkali concentration chambers contain significant amounts of NaCl. It is obvious that the introduction of buffer chambers is necessary to obtain acid and alkali solutions free from NaCl when using bipolar membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted primarily to thermodynamic analysis of cycles implemented in three low-capacity pilot plants for liquefaction of natural gas (in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Yekaterinburg). In our opinion, results of the research conducted will undoubtedly be defined more precisely in possible replication of small-capacity plants, or the creation of new ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of theoretical and experimental studies of polythermal ortho-para hydrogen conversion process, which allowed identification of several important factors that affect the conversion apparatus operation, are presented. The experiments were conducted on a 20 kg/h pilot hydrogen liquefaction plant. Comparison of the obtained data showed good agreement between theoretical and experimental results throughout the studied area. It was shown that the ortho-para conversion process could be continuous in the 63–34 K temperature range with attainment of equilibrium parahydrogen concentration of 90%. Based on the experimental data, the low-temperature units of the industrial high-pressure hydrogen liquefier were updated, which made it possible to produce 500 kg of liquid parahydrogen per hour and to solve the task of doubling the production capacity of the existing plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production modules are created on the basis of scientific and technological developments for combined reprocessing of technogenic materials with different physicomechanical properties. Production modules and energy saving units within them make it possible to implement different production processes: mechanical activation of natural and technogenic materials; production of composite mixtures of different compositions; preparation of compacted bodies used for various production purposes, and also production of heat insulation objects with porous fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of using a drum granulator-drier (DGD) in the production of granular fertilizers is examined. The performance of an essentially new tube reactor (TR)-DGD unit is investigated. The optimum ratio of parameters-the temperature of the heat-transfer medium, the length of the flare, and the moisture content and dispersivity of the slurry, which ensure equalization of the grain-size distribution of the product-is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A developed design of a combined-type electro-baromembrane apparatus for separating solutions into two successive circuits is presented. As well as allowing differential ion separation in the flows of cathode and anode permeate in the form of bases and acids at the first stage of separation, the baromembrane design leads to reduced hydraulic resistance per unit volume and improved solution separation efficiency. The methodology used for calculating the technological characteristics of the apparatus is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design of flat-chamber electrobaromembrane unit for the cleaning of effluents of chemical and machinebuilding productions is presented. A procedure is developed for optimal design of the flange construction of a flat-chamber electrobaromembrane unit, proceeding from the condition whereby the mass is minimized for a given strength and stiffness. An engineering method of analyzing a flat-chamber electrobaromembrane unit, which makes it possible to determine the effective area and number of separation elements in the unit with allowance for the application of an electric field on the unit is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the middle of the past century, hydrodynamic rotary mixers are being employed in the industry to accelerate technological processes. The most popular among these are radial-type devices, viz., rotarypulsatory devices, which are a combination of hydrodynamic siren and disintegrator. Of the axial-type devices, rotary-disk mixers are gaining wide popularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the control of granulation of polydisperse charges and powders by methods of compaction and pelletizing based on rheologic models. Use of disperse media in powder form in the chemical and allied branches of industry frequently fails to conform to technological and ecological requirements. Products with improved properties are formed during granulation of these materials. The products undergoing granulation are polydisperse, and consist of a large number of materials with dissimilar physicochemical properties, which are characterized by a different content of elastic, brittle, plastic, and hygroscopic components, as well as the existence of various special additives. The introduction of additives or binders lowers interparticle friction, and alters the plasticity and cohesiveness of the system, as a result of which a more complete wetting of surface particles by the liquid phase and a reduction in their hardness is ensured, while structural changes occur during solid-phase or other reactions, and new phases are formed.

This article discuss the use of equipment with transitional hydromechanical processes for intensification of production processes that take place in disperse systems with a broad spectrum of physicochemical properties of the medium being treated, and their characteristics discuss the use of equipment with transitional hydromechanical processes for intensification of production processes that take place in disperse systems with a broad spectrum of physicochemical properties of the medium being treated, and their characteristics.