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Herein, we have designed and synthesized a fluorescent probe, LDs-ClO, which can detect hypochlorous acid and lipid accumulation simultaneously in lipid droplets of live RAW 264.7 cells. Cell ferroptosis was discovered to lead to an increase in HClO levels, and to possibly further stimulate accumulation of lipid. We expect the results of this work with LDs-ClO to promote the study of physiological and pathological processes related to lipid droplets and hypochlorite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroinflammation leads to a persistent oxidative stress in the brain, and is closely related to the pathology of various neurological disorders. Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that, at high levels, can cause brain tissue damage and neurogenic apoptosis. Herein, we designed and synthesized a silicon-rhodamine (SiR)-based formohydrazide (FH)-containing fluorescent probe, denoted as SiR-FH, for sensing HClO. This probe showed good selectivity, rapid response and high sensitivity. SiR-FH was successfully used to detect endogenous and exogenous HClO in living cells. Moreover, SiR-FH realized real-time monitoring of change in HClO flux in the brains of mice with LPS-induced neuroinflammation. The probe provides a practical tool for the monitoring of oxidative stress related to neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 'AND'-based ratiometric fluorescence probe for the sequential detection of biothiols and hypochlorous acid was developed. FRET was observed only when RSHClO reacted with biothiols before reacting with hypochlorous acid, a phenomenon that has been confirmed in aqueous solutions and cells. This feature enables the probe to mimic biological processes and is particularly suitable for imaging oxidizing and reducing substances that cannot coexist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of near-infrared and photostable Si-oxazine fluorescent dyes was synthesized using a simple three-step procedure, and one of their reduced products, i.e. hydro-Si-oxazine HSiO3, has been utilized to sensitively detect hypochlorous acid and peroxynitrite generation by phagocytes in inflamed and pulmonary fibrosis diseased mice with emission wavelength beyond 750 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have synthesized a turn-on fluorescent probe, termed NB4OH, to detect cellular hypochlorite. NB4OH is mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and detects ClO− in foam cells. The fluorescence change of the probe was explained by theoretical calculation as a PET process. The probe holds great promise for application in biomedical research, including atherosclerosis research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol-induced liver injury has been a terrible threat to human health and life. The relationship between HClO and the process is unclear. Thus, a ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for HClO was deliberately constructed and revealed the generation of HClO in the alcohol-induced liver injury process for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is one of the most important reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plays a vital role in many physiological and pathological processes. The comprehensive exploration of mechanistic details and the potential clinical translation necessitate the development of reliable probes for prompt and accurate detection of HClO in complex biological environments. Herein we report a fluorinated bihydrazide conjugate as a 19F NMR/MRI probe with a "turn-on" character for the detection of HClO. This probe could selectively respond to HClO, leading to a significant recovery of 19F signals for 19F NMR/MRI. Activatable sensing and imaging of HClO were achieved with SMMC-7721 cells and nude mice, which demonstrates that this small molecular conjugate could serve as a selective probe for real-time sensing and imaging of HClO in biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the oxidation/elimination tandem reaction of the α-phenylseleno carbonyl moiety, a two-photon fluorescent probe for ratiometric visualization of hypochlorous acid was developed. Its superior sensing performance and practical applications were well demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesised four probes and compared their HClO-detecting ability in different solvents. The data showed that only hydrophilic probes could sensitively and accurately detect HClO in live cells. Meanwhile, the addition of organic solvents, as is commonly practised, weakens the oxidising capacity of HClO and thus generates inaccurate outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By combining the advantages of the photocaging technology and traditional analyte-responsive fluorescent probes, we designed and synthesized the first photocaged lysosomal-targeted fluorescent HOCl probe (PL-HA). The new caged PL-HA probe was capable of remote light-controlled recognition of HOCl in lysosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ESIPT-based fluorescence probes are emerging as an attractive tool for the detection of biologically relevant analytes owing to their unique photophysical properties. In this work, we have developed an ESIPT-based fluorescence probe (TCBT-OMe) for the detection of HClO/ClO− through the attachment of a bioorthogonal dimethylthiocarbamate linker. TCBT-OMe was shown to rapidly detect HClO/ClO− (＜10 s) at biologically relevant concentrations (LoD = 0.16 nM) and have an excellent selectivity towards others ROS/RNS and amino acids. Therefore, TCBT-OMe was tested in live cells and was successfully shown to be able to detect endogenous and exogenous HClO/ClO− in HeLa cells. Additionally, TCBT-OMe acts as a dual input logic gate for Hg2+ and H2O2. Interestingly, Hg2+ alone gradually causes a fluorescence response but requires ＞30 min to produce a fluorescence response. Test strips containing TCBT-OMe were prepared and were demonstrated as an effective way to detect HClO/ClO− in water. Furthermore, TCBT-OMe was shown to detect exogenously added HClO/ClO− in three different water samples with little interference thus demonstrating the effectiveness as a method for the detection of HClO/ClO− in drinking water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ESIPT-based fluorescence probes are emerging as an attractive tool for the detection of biologically relevant analytes owing to their unique photophysical properties. In this work, we have developed an ESIPT-based fluorescence probe (TCBT-OMe) for the detection of HClO/ClO− through the attachment of a bioorthogonal dimethylthiocarbamate linker. TCBT-OMe was shown to rapidly detect HClO/ClO− (＜10 s) at biologically relevant concentrations (LoD = 0.16 nM) and have an excellent selectivity towards others ROS/RNS and amino acids. Therefore, TCBT-OMe was tested in live cells and was successfully shown to be able to detect endogenous and exogenous HClO/ClO− in HeLa cells. Additionally, TCBT-OMe acts as a dual input logic gate for Hg2+ and H2O2. Interestingly, Hg2+ alone gradually causes a fluorescence response but requires ＞30 min to produce a fluorescence response. Test strips containing TCBT-OMe were prepared and were demonstrated as an effective way to detect HClO/ClO− in water. Furthermore, TCBT-OMe was shown to detect exogenously added HClO/ClO− in three different water samples with little interference thus demonstrating the effectiveness as a method for the detection of HClO/ClO− in drinking water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two fluorescent probes (Naph-1 and Naph-2), which can be prepared via a facile process, have been developed to detect hypochlorite acid (HOCl). The N,N-dimethyl thiocarbamate group quenches the fluorescence of the probes through intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Upon reaction with HOCl in aqueous buffer, Naph-1 shows ultra-high sensitivity towards HOCl through a 4600-fold increase in fluorescence intensity, as well as a detection limit of 2.37 nM. The probes have been applied to confocal fluorescence imaging of exogenous and endogenous HOCl in living cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of N–P=Se resonance-based fluorescent molecules were developed and used for the detection of hypochlorous acid (HClO) with rapid response and high selectivity. These Se-containing molecules can selectively detect trace amounts of HClO in nM, showing significantly strengthened fluorescence due to the enhanced resonance variation with an increased distance between the fluorophore and Se. The design of N–P=Se resonance molecules in donor-resonance-acceptor (D-r-A) architectures could be an important way to develop high-performance turn-on fluorescent probes for HClO detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BODIPY derivative, SF-1, exclusively shows a fluorescence ON response to HOCl and images endogenously generated HOCl in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Widefield and super resolution structured illumination microscopy images confirm localization in the Golgi complex and lysosomes, and hence specifically detects HOCl generated in these organelles. SF-1 is compatible with 3D-SIM imaging of individual cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the syntheses of ribonucleoside 5′-monophosphates activated with imidazole, using a mechanism which relies on the in situ generation of cyanogen chloride from the reaction of cyanide anion with hypochlorous acid. Cyanogen chloride reacts rapidly with imidazole to form diimidazole imine as the major product, a species which affords the activation of ribonucleoside 5′-monophosphates to their 5′-phosphorimidazolides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile fluorescent probe (NBD-DOP) has been developed to detect hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in this study. The probe consists of a NBD fluorophore and a dopamine moiety that reacts with HOCl specifically. The dopamine group quenches the fluorescence of NBD efficiently through a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) effect. Experimental data showed that NBD-DOP could detect HOCl with ultrafast response, high sensitivity and high selectivity in a wide pH range. The probe could also be used to detect the myeloperoxidase enzyme that produces HOCl. Moreover, NBD-DOP has been applied in the imaging of exogenous and endogenous HOCl in living cells by confocal fluorescence microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new selective and sensitive fluorescence turn-on detection of ClO− is reported by taking advantage of the specific reaction between a 1-methyl-1,2-dihydropyridine-2-thione unit and ClO− and the aggregation induced-emission (AIE) behavior of the tetraphenylethylene unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescent probe that enables ratiometric imaging of endogenous hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in cells and tissues by two-photon microscopy is developed based on a red-emitting acetyl-benzocoumarin (AcBC) dye. An oxathiolane group in the probe reacts with HOCl to generate the AcBC dye, which involves a ratiometric fluorescence change only toward HOCl along with high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An AIE-based fluorescent nanoprobe (MTPE-M) has been developed and used for ratiometric detection of hypochlorite with high selectivity and sensitivity. More importantly, its application in live cells and zebrafish for ratiometric imaging of endogenous ClO− has also been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel probes were designed, sharing the same BODIPY core but differing only by a minimized variation in the recognition site from 4-hydroxyaniline into 4-methoxyaniline. Such a small change in the reaction site could switch the selective detection from peroxynitrite to HOCl. Undoubtedly, the new designed BODIPY core exhibits valuable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide catalyzes oxidation by NaClO of primary benzyl and aliphatic amines to a product distribution comprising nitriles and imines. Nitriles are the sole product for long chain aliphatic amines. Spectroscopic characterization suggests that percarboxylic and perlactone groups could be the active sites of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel signaling mechanism for constructing fluorescent probes was demonstrated for the first time based on modulation of the unique rotation of the N–N single bond in the acetohydrazide group. According to the new signaling mechanism, a fluorescent probe for hypochlorite was then judiciously developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we have developed a novel reversible two-photon fluorescent probe that is well suited for monitoring HOCl levels selectively and instantaneously. Results showed the reversible and instantaneous responses of the probe towards intracellular HOCl. Moreover, the probe was successfully applied to the imaging of the HOCl levels in zebrafish and mice via two-photon imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ratiometric fluorescent probe (RMClO-2) for ClO− based on the conjugate of coumarin–rhodamine was presented, which could sense ClO− with fast response (within 5 s), high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. More importantly, RMClO-2 is the first mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent probe to image exogenous and endogenous ClO−. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very fast-responsive fluorescent probe PZ–Py for imaging mitochondrial HClO/ClO−, with a relatively long emission wavelength, was prepared. The limit of detection was evaluated to be 17.9 nM. Moreover, the probe PZ–Py was successfully applied in the imaging of endogenous HClO/ClO− in the mitochondria of RAW 264.7 cells and living nude mouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biotin–rhodamine–TPP conjugate (BiTClO) was reported as a real-time (within 10 s) fluorescent probe for the sensing of mitochondrial hypochlorite with excellent selectivity and high sensitivity (0.21 μM). Moreover, it is the first tumor-specific and mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe applied in cell imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a ratiometric fluorescent probe for sensing HOCl based on coumarin and rhodamine acid that is directly used as a detection moiety. The probe shows high selectivity and sensitivity toward HOCl under best working conditions of myeloperoxidase by which HOCl can be generated from hydrogen peroxide and chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oxime based fluorescent probe has been designed and synthesized, which detects free as well as enzymatically generated hypochloritewith a low detection limit and high sensitivity. In addition, the probe was successfully utilized for the monitoring of endogenously produced hypochlorite in LPS stimulated cell lines, C6 glioma and BV2 microglia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two mitochondria-targeted real-time probes were presented, which could selectively respond to hypochlorite over other ROS. Meanwhile, the ''off--on'' probes could be successfully applied in the in vivo imaging of hypochlorite in living mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of electrocatalytic water oxidation to oxygen by Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are enhanced by added NaCl. Observations based on the single-site catalyst [RuII(Mebimpy)(bpy)(OH2)]2+ (Mebimpy is 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine; bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine) at pH 7.0 in a phosphate buffer suggest a mechanism involving initial oxidation of the catalyst to RuV(O)3+ followed by Cl oxidation to HOCl. Once formed, HOCl is oxidized to O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HEPES is not suitable for fluorescence detection of HClO because it can be oxidized by HClO. A novel probe for HClO, which can selectively and sensitively detect HClO in absolute PBS, was developed on the basis of an oxidation reaction with an azo moiety. Furthermore, it works well in live mouse imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have designed a chemodosimeter DPNO (weak fluorescence) which can be oxidized to HPNO (strong blue fluorescence) by OCl− with high selectivity and sensitivity in a ratiometric approach with a noticeably lower detection limit. The sensor could be useful for the detection of hypochlorites in tap water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A BODIPY-based fluorescent probe integrated with an aldoxime unit shows a remarkable fluorescence ‘‘turn-on’’ response to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The oxidative dehydrogenation of BODIPY aldoxime by HOCl results in a distinct fluorescence enhancement as well as a change in color from red to orange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dual-emission fluorescence probe has been developed for specific and sensitive detection of hypochlorite (ClO−). Upon addition of ClO−, significant changes in fluorescence emission intensity at two discrete wavelengths were observed. Meanwhile OONO− led to only a single-channel fluorescence enhancement. This feature makes it a clear advantage in distinguishing ClO−, RNS from other ROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a new reversible fluorescence probe MPhSe–BOD for the redox cycle process between hypochlorous acid and hydrogen sulfide in solution and in living cells. Confocal microscopy imaging using RAW264.7 cell lines shows that the probe has good cell membrane permeability, and can monitor intracellular HClO/H2S redox cycles continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new design strategy for the development of fluorescent turn-on chemodosimeters toward OCl−was proposed by the removal, but not the general inhibition, of the CN isomerization. Accordingly, Flu-1 was prepared, which, as shown in the fluorescent picture, exhibited the off–on response for OCl−, sensitively and selectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Described is a convenient method for the syntheses of sulfur and selenium containing carbohydrate derivatives of l-gulodeoxynojirimycin and the corresponding C-5 epimer d-mannodeoxynojirimycin. The key step in the synthesis of the latter involves epimerisation of the C-5 hydroxyl group by an oxidation followed by stereo-selective reduction to obtain the desired d-sugar derivative. Both derivatives displayed a dose-dependent prevention of the oxidation of methionine residues on human plasma proteins induced by the inflammatory oxidant hypochlorous acid. The seleno-analogues were considerably more active than their thio-equivalents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specific and sensitive fluorescence-based method was developed for the imaging of microbe-induced HOCl production. Furthermore, we demonstrate dual oxidase (DUOX)-mediated HOCl generation in the mucosa of live animals providing a novel insight into mucosal innate immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By fully utilizing the oxidation property of hypochlorites and different coordinating properties of Cu+and Cu2+, the Cu2+sensor could act as a new good probe toward hypochlorites with high sensitivity as low as 8.1 × 10−7M, providing a novel approach to develop new probes for oxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An insoluble, porous, amorphous, homochiral material based on a polypeptide titanium–phosphonate scaffold with an encapsulated achiralMnIII–salen was prepared and characterized. Consecutive epoxidation and hydration of styrene and its derivatives by aqueous hypochlorite in THF showed the highly enantioselective (>99%) formation of styrene diol derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]