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In the contemporary era marked by pressing environmental and energy challenges, there is a growing imperative to create effective and eco-friendly approaches to combat pollution and promote the generation of clean and green energy. One such strategy that has attracted much interest recently is the photocatalytic generation of green energy and pollutant removal. Numerous photocatalysts have been created to treat water and generate clean energy. Zn-Ti LDH materials are two-dimensional materials that have unique physical and chemical properties, making them promising photocatalysts. Zn-Ti LDHs have a distinctive layered structure that makes them extremely adaptable for photocatalytic applications. This structure also provides large surface areas, customisable compositions, and abundant active sites. However, Zn–Ti LDH has a low solar energy efficiency because it is primarily triggered by ultraviolet light, which makes up around 5% of sunshine. Therefore, this investigation aims to provide a thorough summary of the latest advancements in the modification of the materials based on Zinc-Titanium Layered Double Hydroxides (Zn-Ti LDHs) for a broad spectrum of photocatalytic uses. This study also covers the fabrication methods for Zn-Ti LDHs and the creation of heterojunctions and composites based on Zn-Ti LDHs. Additionally, it delves into the mechanisms underlying the degradation of pollutants and the generation of clean energy. We have highlighted the potential for new prospects, existing challenges, and progress in this context. [Display omitted] • Fabrication and photocatalytic mechanisms of Zn-Ti LDH based materials for environmental solutions. • Latest advancements in heterojunctions and composites utilizing Zn-Ti LDH for applications in photocatalysis. • Various approaches for enhancing the photocatalytic capabilities of Zn-Ti LDH are explored. • The summary, challenges, and future outlook are all addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the growing need for fuel is causing major harm to the environment, it is essential to introduce photocatalytic energy conversion devices that are safe for the environment. One such strategy is the utilisation of photocatalytic water-splitting devices to achieve sustainable hydrogen production. In order for these devices to operate optimally, it is imperative to utilise materials that possess the capability to properly capture sunlight. Porphyrins are significant molecules that can be found all over nature as units that absorb visible light. Energy conversion devices can benefit from porphyrins' multifunctional features, including their easy fabrication, excellent chemical constancy, plentiful metallic active sites, adaptable crystalline structure, and high specific surface area. They can produce charge-transfer excited states with or without a cocatalyst and make it easier to transfer energy and move rapid excited energy. These properties, along with their ease of synthesis, make them excellent starting materials for porous metal-organic framework-based photocatalysts that convert solar energy into usable fuels. This article provides an overview of the synthesis as well as designing of porphyrin-based MOFs. The effect of metal in porphyrin besed MOFs and two bridging ligands are summarized briefly. In this article, the photocatalytic applications of porpyrin based MOFs and composites as photocatalysts, such as the hydrogen evolution process and photodegradation of organic contaminants are discussed. In conclusion, the bottlenecks that need to be overcome and some potential solutions for the ongoing research and development of porphyrin-based MOF photocatalysts are discussed. [Display omitted] • Porphyrin-based MOFs as photo-active materials for photocatalysis are discussed. • Synthesis strategies for Porphyrin MOF composite photocatalysts are discussed. • Comprehensive breakdown of various bridging ligand types is provided. • Strategies for boosting photocatalytic performance are summarized. • Advances for H 2 evolution and water treatment research hotspots are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant ecosystem damage and severe environmental issues have surfaced due to unplanned exploitation of resources and industrial expansion. The water bodies are continuously polluted by numerous organic dyes released from industrial effluents. In this work, we report construction of new g-C 3 N 5 /Bi 24 O 31 Br 10 S-scheme heterojunction for UV–visible light driven superior organic dye degradation. The integrated heterojunction with high interfacial charge transfer exhibited excellent 99.08% (∼100%) within 60 min exposure which is manifolds higher than bare g-C 3 N 5 and Bi 24 O 31 Br 10. The mechanistic investigations showed that the key active radicals in photocatalytic CV degradation are the •O 2 - and h+. Building an S-scheme model with favourable energy band structure encourages efficient separation of charges while maintaining the inherent redox capacity of the g-C 3 N 5 /Bi 24 O 31 Br 10 catalyst, which is highly beneficial for superior photocatalytic performance. This work offers a fresh viewpoint for creating organic-inorganic hybrid new S-scheme heterojunctions for high performance photocatalytic waste-water treatment. • High efficiency 2D–2D g-C 3 N 5 /Bi 24 O 31 Br 10 S-scheme heterojunction was designed. • Catalyst exhibit excellent degradation efficiency of 99.08% for CV removal. • PL suggests the efficient charge separation of the carriers. • ·O 2 - and h+ are responsible for CV degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ni 1-x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 inverse spinel ferrite photocatalyst prepared by combustion route. • Dopant determined CB shifting-higher thermodynamic O 2 − generation potential. • Superior photo-degradation of levofloxacin under visible and solar light. • Higher charge separation and transfer capacity-metal redox. • Suitable degradation pathway for levofloxacin proposed. Spinel ferrites with a compatible electronic band structure are always excellent candidates for photo-catalytic environmental detoxification employing visible light and solar energy. However, the potential is not harnessed to its fullest owing to unnerving charge carrier recombination. In this work, we report the synthesis of Ni 1-x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, & 0.5) mixed spinel ferrites via combustion route. As prepared samples were characterized for phase identification using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Reitveld refined pattern confirms the formation of single phased cubic structure with a nano-metric crystallite size. The homogeneous distribution of grains and particles is evidenced by shape and size morphological studies. Raman spectroscopy reveals the presence of motion of oxygen in tetrahedral and octahedral voids. The dc electrical resistivity measured using the two probe method is found to be in the range of 107 to 108 Ω-cm. The optical band gap measured for all photo-catalysts resides at 2.11–2.53 eV. The ferrite photocatalyst exhibits high visible absorption, superior charge transfer capacity, and highly suppressed recombination as suggested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and photoluminescence results. The change in band structure with variable Zn content was monitored by shifting of conduction and valence bands. The photo-catalyst Ni 0.7 Zn 0.3 Fe 2 O 4 (N2) exhibited 96.8% levofloxacin (LEV) degradation in 90 min of visible light exposure. The effect of parameters such as pH, catalyst dosage, electrolytes and water matrix was analysed in detail. The photo-catalytic degradation rate was enhanced in the presence of persulfate and H 2 O 2. Furthermore, the high magnetic character of the catalysts aids in their retrieval post utilization in catalysis. In terms of band structure analysis, role of dopants, metal redox, and scavenging studies, a suitable photo-catalytic process was proposed. Degradation intermediates discovered by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis were also recommended as a pathway of degradation. These findings open up exciting possibilities for developing novel solar active photo-catalytic systems based on spinel ferrites for efficient environmental cleanup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nano-dimensional nickel ferrites as popular magnetic materials-importance. • Strategies for synthesizing and designing of nickel ferrites. • Detailed analysis of the structure and properties. • Multi-dimensional materials-diverse applications. Ferrites belong to the wonder class of materials which are known for their wide application range. Among ferrites, spinel ferrites belong to the most promising soft magnetic materials with excellent properties like engineered band gap, high saturation magnetization, coercivity, and better thermal and electrical properties. Among spinel ferrites, Nickel ferrites: a soft, highly magnetic material that exhibit excellent electrical, magnetic, and optical characteristics. Nickel ferrites find their space in a variety of applications because of their unique properties when compared to other ferrite family members. These properties include high saturation magnetisation, less coercivity, high resistivity and permeability. In addition, nanometric Ni ferrites are unique in several properties with modified applications, such as high frequency applications, electronic devices with low loss, biomedical applications, and environmental remedial applications also. This review aim to explore possible synthesis routes, unique properties and diverse applications of Ni ferrite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]