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Peptide stapling is a strategy for constraining short peptides typically in an alpha-helical conformation. Stapling is carried out by covalently linking the side-chains of two amino acids, thereby forming a peptide macrocycle. There is an expanding repertoire of stapling techniques based on different macrocyclisation chemistries. In this tutorial review, we categorise and analyse key examples of peptide stapling in terms of their synthesis and applicability to biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of coordinating moieties as directing groups for the functionalisation of aromatic carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds has become an efficient strategy for the selective construction of new carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds in arenes. However many directing groups cannot be easily removed/ modified from the products after C-H functionalisation, thus limiting the structural diversity of the products. This limitation can be overcome by employing removable/modifiable or traceless directing groups which can be easily attached to the starting materials and detached from the products. In this tutorial review, we give an overview of recent advances in this emerging field which have dramatically increased the synthetic applicability of C-H functionalisation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical genetics can be defined as the study of biological systems using small molecule tools. Cell permeable and selective small molecules modulate gene product function rapidly, reversibly and can be administered conditionally in either a cellular or organismal context. The small molecule approach provides exacting temporal and quantitative control and is therefore an extremely powerful tool for dissecting biological processes. This tutorial reviewhas been written to introduce the subject to a broad audience and highlights recent developments within the field in four key areas of biology: modulating protein–protein interactions, malaria research, hepatitis C virus research, and disrupting RNA interference pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, fluorescent chemosensors for zinc ion (Zn2+) have attracted great attention because of the biological significance of zinc combined with the simplicity and high sensitivity of fluorescence assays. Chemosensors can be divided into a fluorophore, a spacer and a receptor unit; the receptor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a chemosensor. This tutorial review will classify zinc chemosensors based on receptor types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, fluorescent chemosensors for zinc ion (Zn2+) have attracted great attention because of the biological significance of zinc combined with the simplicity and high sensitivity of fluorescence assays. Chemosensors can be divided into a fluorophore, a spacer and a receptor unit; the receptor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a chemosensor. This tutorial review will classify zinc chemosensors based on receptor types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of coordinating moieties as directing groups for the functionalisation of aromatic carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds has become an efficient strategy for the selective construction of new carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds in arenes. However many directing groups cannot be easily removed/modified from the products after C-H functionalisation, thus limiting the structural diversity of the products. This limitation can be overcome by employing removable/modifiable or traceless directing groups which can be easily attached to the starting materials and detached from the products. In this tutorial review, we give an overview of recent advances in this emerging field which have dramatically increased the synthetic applicability of C-H functionalisation processes.

The palladium catalysed cross-coupling of organosilicon reagents with organo halides and pseudo-halides has developed over the past 30 years into an efficient and attractive carbon-carbon bond forming strategy. Extensive research within this field to expand and diversify on the scope of the organosilicon coupling reaction will continue to promote its use in the synthesis of biologically and pharmaceutically important organic molecules. The recent advances made within this area are explored in this critical review (199 references)., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012)

Chemical genetics can be defined as the study of biological systems using small molecule tools. Cell permeable and selective small molecules modulate gene product function rapidly, reversibly and can be administered conditionally in either a cellular or organismal context. The small molecule approach provides exacting temporal and quantitative control and is therefore an extremely powerful tool for dissecting biological processes. This tutorial review has been written to introduce the subject to a broad audience and highlights recent developments within the field in four key areas of biology: modulating protein-protein interactions, malaria research, hepatitis C virus research, and disrupting RNA interference pathways., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011)