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The correlation between [(VASYM(POO-) - VASYM (POO-)], Av, and the ionic potential of the metal ion in metal compounds of alkylsubstituted diphosphonic acid extractants is reviewed. Similar correlations of the ionic potential of the metal ion with Δv in organosubstituted monophosphate, organosubstituted monophosphonate, carbonate and nitrate compounds have been previously demonstrated. In this paper, we discuss the origin, general validity, and utility of the correlation for organophosphorus compounds. Far-infrared and 54Fe -labeled data were used to identify metal-oxygen stretching vibrations and establish that for some metal ions, e.g., Fe(III) and possibly Th(IV), the metal-oxygen interaction has substantial covalent character. The correlation appears to be valid not only for materials in which the metal-oxygen interaction is predominantly ionic, but also for compounds characterized by a covalent metal-oxygen bonding as well as for polymeric materials, providing the POO- stretching vibrations ...

This paper provides a comprehensive review of synergistic solvent extraction using crown ethers with a focus on the role of both extractants in facilitating cation-specific separations. An introduction to the various equilibria affecting synergistic extraction using crown ethers is followed by a review of the work published in this field during the 1972-1999 time period. The influence of various solvent extraction parameters on the potential for cation-selective synergism is critically examined. Those synergistic extractant combinations showing cation selectivity are highlighted, as are the fundamental investigations that are the foundation of the current understanding of synergistic solvent extraction using crown ethers.