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• Exosomes are small vesicles that can transfer biological molecules, horizontally and function in local and systemic cellular communication. • Exosomes cane used as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic tool in which they do not possess risks such as aneuploidy and transplant rejection. • An important application of exosomes is their therapeutic potential in clinical trials and used as vaccines in cancers anti-tumor immunotherapy. • Due to the different exosomal miRNA profile, they have potential in the diagnosis of the pathological state and tumor development process. Exosomes are cup-shaped structures, made of two lipid layers. Their size is in the range of 30–150 nm. Exosomes are excreted to the extracellular space and function in local and systemic cellular communication. Based on their primary origins, they can contain substantial amounts of RNA, protein, and miRNA; the horizontal transfer of these contents significantly determines the exosome's biological effects. The endosomal origins of exosomes can be deduced based on their surface protein markers. The use of exosomes as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic tool, has numerous advantages because they do not pose risks such as aneuploidy and transplant rejection. This - overview highlights the recent findings in exosome development and current knowledge in exosome-based therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]