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Rechargeable lithium‐oxygen batteries (LOBs) are considered to be the next‐generation energy technology owing to their high theoretical energy density. However, the sluggish cathode kinetics and degradation of Li anodes result in large voltage hysteresis and low coulombic efficiency. Various materials have been applied to promote the electrochemical performance of LOBs. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) possessing porous structures, open active sites and adjustable pore sizes have been attempted as promising materials for catalysts and separators of LOBs. This concept presents an overview of different MOF‐based catalysts for LOBs, including traditional, conductive, semi‐conductive and soluble MOFs, as well as our recently proposed photo‐involved LOBs. Recent advances in MOF‐based separators to restrain the shuttling of redox mediators between cathodes and anodes and suppress the formation of lithium dendrites are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on the development of MOF‐based LOBs for future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]