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Efficiently constructing structures with high thermal stability is a key objective in the development of energetic compounds. However, the existing synthesis processes for heat‐resistant energetic materials are frequently hampered by their complexity and low yields. This study presents a significant breakthrough in addressing these challenges. It successfully synthesizes 4‐amino‐5‐(3‐amino‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐yl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one (APTO) using a streamlined two‐step process, achieving an impressive high yield of 87.5 %. The structure was determined through X‐ray single crystal diffraction analysis, revealing a nearly planar intramolecular structure. Hirshfeld surface analysis, weak interaction analysis, and aromaticity analysis were conducted, illustrating a substantial presence of hydrogen bonds and π ‐ π stacking interactions within and between molecules. These interactions contribute significantly to exceptional thermal stability of ATPO. Furthermore, the thermal stability of ATPO was confirmed through DSC analysis, exhibiting a decomposition temperature as high as 365.2°C. This temperature surpasses that of the heat‐resistant explosive HNS (325°C), further validating its excellent thermal stability. The construction of this conjugated structure offers valuable guidance for the future structural design of heat‐resistant energetic materials. It opens up possibilities for the development of novel compounds with improved thermal stability based on similar conjugated architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirements for the chemical to act as a primary explosive, its importance, and the hazards associated with heavy‐metal‐based primary explosives are all well‐stated in this review. In addition, it outlined the limitations of the heavy‐metal‐free primary explosives already in use. This analysis underlines the importance of green primary explosives with updated information. It summarizes the possible candidates of metal‐free new generation green primary explosives, including their preparation routes, energetic properties, applications, and comparisons to traditional primary explosives. Furthermore, this analysis also aims to discuss the necessity for metal‐free primary explosives as well as the significant problem of replacing traditional primary explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of SO42−/W−Zr catalysts with different W/Zr mole ratios were synthesized by solvent evaporation self‐assembly followed by impregnation of sulfuric acid. The catalysts were examined in the glycerol esterification with acetic acid, and fully characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, NH3‐TPD, H2O‐TPD and pyridine adsorption infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that W/Zr mole ratio and calcination temperature significantly affected the structure, acidity and catalytic performance of the catalysts. SO42−/W−Zr(1:1)‐500 (with a W/Zr mole ratio of 1:1, calcined at 500 °C) exhibited the highest catalytic activity, which is mainly due to the fact that the catalyst had more acidic sites and good water tolerance. In addition, the catalyst also showed excellent recyclability, in five repeated runs the conversion of glycerol and yields of products remained stable. SO42−/W−Zr complex solid super acid catalysts with different Zr/Al mol ratios were synthesized by solvent evaporation self‐assembly followed by impregnation of sulfuric acid and used in the esterification of glycerol with acetic acid to glyceryl diacetate. SO42−/W−Zr(1:1)‐500 (with a W/Zr mole ratio of 1:1, calcined at 500 °C) exhibited high activity, selectivity, and excellent recyclability, owing to its abundant acidic sites and good water tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]