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The topic of wastewater remediation has been extensively discussed in recent years, and one of the main pollutants has been dyes. One of the promising techniques for dye degradation is photocatalysis. A novel transition metal Fe with different percentage (15%, 20%, 25%) doped Co3O4 was prepared employing a novel green process using Mangifera Indica leaf extract.The structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of doped catalyst was studied by XRD, FTIR, FE‐SEM, HR‐TEM, PL, CV, EIS, TGA, XPS, UV‐DRS, and BET analysis.By doping the Fe metal on the surface of Co3O4 resulting increase in surface area with improving charge carriers separation and lower the band gap energy. The photocatalytic activity was studied by degrading BG dye under solar light.25% Fe doped cobalt oxide having band gap energy 2.1 eV showed maximum degradation efficiency of 96% at pH 8 on 30 ppm dye concentration with 30 mg catalyst under 90min.The radical trapping experiment showed the vital role of hydroxyl and superoxide radical in degradation mechanism. By doping Fe atoms the efficiency of the host is increased which will be the most promising candidate for the photocatalytic dye degradation applications. The material presents a strong possibility for use in super capacitor applications due to its increased current density and lower on set potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 nanoparticles) were fabricated via a sol–gel method utilizing gum arabic polymer as a nontoxic reducing agent. To explore the characterization of the Co3O4 nanoparticles, different analyses were conducted. XRD outcome emphasized that the particle size of Co3O4 nanoparticles was between 36 nm and 42 nm, while the FESEM images showed that the Co3O4 nanoparticles were agglomerated due to their small size and spherical shape. Following these suitable characterization outcomes, the photocatalytic activity of Co3O4 nanoparticles was done on organic dye methylene blue (MB) decolorization under UVA light, and the outcomes were indicative of 92% degradation after 140 min. Over and above that, the cytotoxicity effects of Co3O4 nanoparticles were examined against the noncancer cells (L929) and HepG2 cells via MTT assay, and the IC50 amount for cancer cells was around 475 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology involves the synthesis and application of nanoparticles across various fields, including medicine, agriculture, environmental remediation, and electronics. The green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is increasingly being explored to produce eco‐friendly nanoparticles and mitigate potential adverse effects in biomedical applications. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has garnered attention due to its low cost, availability, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. This study used an eco‐friendly and simple green synthesis approach to fabricate and characterize titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using Agave americana leaf extract. The UV–vis spectra revealed a strong peak at 385 nm. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the tetragonal crystalline structure of TiO2 (rutile), with a particle size of 14.56 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated characteristic stretching vibrations of TiO2 at 471 cm−1. TiO2 NPs exhibited a significant cytotoxic effect against cancer cells while demonstrating lower toxicity to normal cells, highlighting their selective anticancer properties. Additionally, TiO2 NPs demonstrated a strong photocatalytic activity of 93% under UV light exposure over 180 min. These findings strongly support the utilization of Agave americana leaves as a valuable source of antioxidants and highlight the efficacy of biosynthesized TiO2 NPs in environmental and biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the reaction environment of wax gourd extract, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO) were synthesized by microemulsion method. Under atmospheric pressure, the optimum conditions for preparing TiO2 and MgO nanoparticles were investigated at different reaction temperatures and time. The obtained optimal reaction conditions are as follows: when the amount of TiCl3 solution was 70 µL, the mass ratio of wax gourd extract to water was 1:2, the reaction time was 60 min, and the reaction temperature was 35 °C, rod‐like TiO2 particles with the best dispersion and crystallinity were obtained. When the amount of MgCl2 solution was 10 mL, the amount of wax gourd extract was 40 mL, the reaction time was 120 min, and the reaction temperature was 70 °C, the prepared MgO particles exhibited a spindle shape with the best dispersion and crystallinity. Wax gourd‐assisted synthesis of TiO2 and MgO provides not only a new synthesis idea for the preparation of metal oxides, but also a green environmental protection system, which conforms to the concept of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares chemical and green synthesized zinc sulfide nanoparticles for multiple biological properties. A chemical synthesis approach is utilized to synthesize PEGylated ZnS‐NPs while the bulbs of Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus are utilized for green synthesis. After extensive characterization, the NPs are examined for multifunctional biological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, in vitro anticancer, and blood compatibility. Our study found that chemical synthesis results in higher yield and better dispersion behavior. However, the green ZnS‐NPs possessed increased antibacterial and antiparasitic potential against Leishmania tropica as the NPs resulted in significant inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.156 and 0.312 mg/mL, respectively while IC50 of 115.21 and 128.5 µg/mL were observed for the promastigote and amastigote forms of parasite. Furthermore, Fritillaria cirrhosa (F. cirrhosa) synthesized NPs possessed slightly improved antioxidant properties and in vitro anticancer potential against MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. Despite differences in the biological properties, the NPs did not result in hemolytic behavior thus demonstrating the compatible nature against blood cells. It was thus evident from the present study that the chemical and green synthesis techniques not only result in NPs with different physicochemical characteristics but also significantly influence the bio‐interaction of the obtained ZnS‐NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a green synthesis approach for producing tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) using Kombucha tea and evaluates their photocatalytic effectiveness in degrading the Procion Red MX‐5B (PR) dye. Characterization techniques, including UV–vis, FTIR, XRD, and TEM, confirmed the successful synthesis of SnO2 NPs with appropriate optical and structural properties. For instance; the absorption peak at 526 cm−1 in FT‐IR diagram is attributed to Sn–O which indicates the successful synthesis of SnO2. Photocatalytic tests under optimized conditions showed a notable degradation efficiency of PR dye, with the highest observed degradation efficiency reaching 97.60% at a catalyst loading of 30 mg, pH 6, in 90 min. A kinetic study was performed and the PR degradation followed first‐order reaction kinetics. For this process, the reaction kinetic rate constants were found to be 0.0589, 0.078, 0.1367, and 0.1389 min−1 for 25, 35, 45, and 55 °C, respectively. Moreover, the activation energy for the degradation process was calculated to be 25.75 kJ/mol, indicating a chemisorption mechanism. The reusability of SnO2 NPs was tested and after five subsequent usages, it still showed high degradation efficiency (95.7%). These results demonstrate the potential of Kombucha‐derived SnO2 nanoparticles as an efficient, low‐cost, reusable, and environmentally friendly photocatalyst for wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanobiotechnology is a field of science with tremendous promising applications in cancer chemotherapy, targeted drug delivery, molecular diagnosis, and molecular imaging. Selenium, one of the critical trace elements, participates in the structure of selenocysteine protein, which plays an important role in maintaining redox balance due to its oxidoreductase activity. Elemental selenium (Se0) has significantly lower toxicity values than its oxyanions, selenite, and selenate forms. For this reason, it is important to convert elemental selenium into atomic form in biological studies. In particular, their role in regulating the immune system makes selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) superior to others. SeNPs have been discussed effectively in the literature in anticancer activity applications. SeNPs green synthesis is focused on a more economical, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly application by using, reducing, and stabilizing agents in plants. The aim of this review is to highlight the anticancer activity applications of SeNPs synthesized with plant extracts in the last 6 years (i.e., between 2019 and 2024). In addition, it aims to shed light on the green synthesis mechanism of NPs by using plant extracts and to highlight the factors affecting green synthesis and its advantages and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure CeO2 and Ce1‐xMnxO2, where x = 0, 2, 4 and 6% w/w, were synthesized by sol‐gel method using Acacia Concinna fruit extract as a surfactant and stabilizing agent. The synthesized particles were subjected to various characterization techniques, including XRD, HRTEM, FESEM, FTIR, Raman and UV‐Visible spectroscopy. The XRD pattern of the samples demonstrated single phase of CeO2, with cubic fluorite type structure and crystallite size of 6–7 nm. The morphology of the nanoparticles (NPs) was analyzed by FESEM and HRTEM which illustrated an aggregate of irregular spherical nanoparticles and the average particle size is around 18 nm. Raman spectroscopy validated the phase purity and indicated about the structural defects caused by the dopants. The bandgap energy of CeO2 NPs is calculated to be 3.00 eV from the Tauc plot of UV‐Visible spectroscopy, which gradually decreased to 2.43 eV with increase in manganese doping. Cytotoxicity studies signified the role of Mn‐doped CeO2 NPs as a potential nanotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment. The cell viability assay showed that 200 µg/mL of 6% Mn‐doped CeO2 nanoparticles exhibited remarkable cytotoxic effect by inhibiting 50% of cancer cells both in breast and colon cancer cell lines without affecting the healthy cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received lots of attention due to being used as potential therapeutic agents. For the first time, this research investigated the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of Daphne mucronata seeds, which are rich in phenolic and polyphenolic substances and evaluated their antibacterial, antifungal, and scavenging activities. The process of nanoparticle (NPs) preparation was confirmed using UV–vis spectroscopy with an absorption peak at a wavelength of 440 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to determine the particles' distribution. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) validated the functional groups contributing to the reduction of Ag+ to Ag. Moreover, X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) approved the crystalline nature and spherical shape of the particles with mean and standard deviation of particle size to be 60.25 and 24.88 nm, respectively. The antibacterial, antifungal, and scolicidal activities of AgNPs were studied using disc diffusion against four standard bacteria species and microdilution methods for four Candida strains. The greatest effect of AgNPs with the highest concentration (80 µg/mL) was observed on Staphylococcus aureus (22.26 mm) and the lowest on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.07 mm). In the case of Candida fungus, the highest effect of AgNPs was reported for Candida krusei (7.93 µg/mL) and the lowest for Candida albicans (63.49 µg/mL). Also, these nanoparticles were able to register 100% lethality on the Echinococcus granulosus parasite in 15 min at a concentration (80 µg/mL). Therefore, the production of AgNPs as a renewable and cheap material can be effective after performing all the necessary tests as antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic agents with the least side effects in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research various pyridazino[1,2‐a]indazole and 1H‐indazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine and 1H‐indazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine derivatives were produced with a high yield via a multi‐component reaction of dimedone, aldehyde, hydrazine and anhydride compounds in the presence of a novel DABCO‐Saccharin acetate ([DABCOH][Sac‐CH3CO2]) ionic liquid under microwave irradiation. The applied method for producing these heterocyclic compounds demonstrated a number of desirable traits, including quick reactions, high yields of the final product, and straightforward separation of the product and catalyst from the reaction mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are increasingly utilized for their opto‐electrical properties in various high‐tech applications, including electronic conductors, sensory probes, and drug delivery systems. However, their widespread application is limited by their tendency to agglomerate. In this study, AuNPs were synthesized using a cleaner approach and stabilized with Ginkgo biloba fruit extract (GBFE), avoiding toxic agents. The synthesis parameters were optimized using a one‐variable‐at‐a‐time technique, resulting in primarily spherical/oval particles with high crystallinity (d‐spacing=0.204–0.231 nm), nano‐scale size (10.3±2.9 nm), and remarkable stability (zeta potential of −20.06 mV). The synthesis mechanism involved a redox reaction between phytochemicals and metal cations, leading to the generation and stabilization of AuNPs. The AuNPs exhibited catalytic activity in reducing two azo compounds, i. e. reactive yellow 179 (RY179) and reactive orange 5 (RO5) as the models, achieving a degradation rate of over 98 % within 15 minutes. The kinetic rate constants (k) for RY179 and RO5 were calculated as 0.2771 min−1 and 0.2297 min−1, respectively. The AuNPs alone could not degrade azo dyes since NaBH4 was required to provide a source of electrons for transferring to the dye molecules. This eco‐friendly synthesis method demonstrates the potential for synthesizing catalytically active AuNPs for various industrial applications, including wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained attention for their unique properties and potential applications, particularly in medicine. This study aim to investigate the green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles (NPs) using Parthenium hestephorus extract and evaluate their biological activities. The synthesized NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, such as UV‐Vis spectroscopy, which confirmed the successful synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles, with characteristic absorption peaks observed at 450 nm and 580 nm, respectively. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) were also conducted. In antimicrobial evaluations, the silver and copper nanoparticles exhibited notable inhibitory zones ranging from 12–18 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and 27–30 mm against Escherichia coli bacteria. Furthermore, the nanoparticles' potential as anticancer agents were tested on HepG2 human cancer cells using the MTT assay. The silver, copper nanoparticles, and control exhibited dose‐dependent cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 35 μg/mL, 50 μg/ml, and 30 μg/ml, respectively, suggesting their promise in cancer treatment. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated through free radical scavenging assays, with silver and copper nanoparticles showing significant potential, inhibiting free radicals by 80 %, 70 %, and 90 %, respectively. It is concluded that the green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles using extract of Parthenium hestephorus presents an efficient and sustainable method for generating NPs with potent antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure the quality and effectiveness of nanoparticle material for specific applications, it is essential to eliminate contaminants or unreacted substances produced during the green synthesis process using leaf extract. In this study, dialysis membranes with a molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) of approximately 12,000–14,000 Dalton (Da) were employed to remove metal ions, chlorides, and polyphenols from the zerovalent bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) suspension, instead of using centrifugation or filtration, which causes solvent loss to the environment. Our research results showed that the efficiency of removing impurities and residual components achieved by the dialysis membrane was relatively high. Furthermore, alterations in specific characteristics of BNPs following dialysis were also observed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New nitrogen‐doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) made from Dioscorea alata (DA) extract as the carbon and nitrogen source using the hydrothermal method provide a straightforward approach for extremely sensitive and selective quantification of Cu (II) ions. In this method, aqueous extract of DA served as the carbon source and aqueous ammonia was used as the nitrogen dopant. To characterize NCQDs, a variety of analytical approaches have been utilized. The average size of NCQDs was analyzed using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and it was found to be 6.54 nm. Using X‐ray diffraction pattern and Raman spectroscopy, the graphitic nature of the green synthesized NCQDs was investigated. Strong green fluorescence was generated under 365 nm excitation of NCQDs, with an emission wavelength of around 460 nm. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirms the presence of various functional groups in the synthesized NCQDs. The NCQDs have the potential to serve as an extremely sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for Cu (II) ion detection, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of −0.9927 and a limit of detection of 4.2 nm. The NCQDs were then employed as probes to detect Cu (II) ions in river water and tap water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently energy crisis is one of the challenging issues worldwide. As such, generation of green alternative energy should take the attention of researchers around the globe. This work reports synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using biological method (using fruit extract of Ruta chalepensis) for photoanode of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In the study, the performance of DSSCs derived from chemically synthesized and biologically synthesized ZnO NPs were evaluated. The plant extract templated synthesis of ZnO NPs were prepared in varied zinc nitrate to R. chalepensis fruit extract ratios of 1 : 2,1 : 1, and 2 : 1 and labeled as g‐ZnO(1 : 2), g‐ZnO(1 : 1) and g‐ZnO(2 : 1); and that of chemically synthesized ZnO NPs is labelled as c‐ZnO (as a control). Thermogravimetric analysis‐differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) reveals that ZnO NPs are stable above 450 °C. From X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, average size of g‐ZnO(1 : 2), g‐ZnO(1 : 1), g‐ZnO(2 : 1) and c‐ZnO NPs were estimated to be 7, 13, 18 and 26 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the presence of ZnO in clustered, flake‐like, and some agglomerated spherical forms; and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) confirms presence of Zn and O atoms in the sample. The optical band gaps of g‐ZnO (1 : 2), g‐ZnO(1 : 1), g‐ZnO(2 : 1) and c‐ZnO NPs were measured to be 3.30, 3.25, 3.23 and 3.22 eV respectively using ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) absorbance spectrophotometer. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopic analysis shows the absorption band for Zn−O bonding between 400 and 600 cm−1. The produced photoanode, crystal violet dye, quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte, and counter electrode were used to fabricate DSSCs. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the constructed DSSC device with a c‐ZnO photoanode is 1.95 %, and those with a g‐ZnO (2 : 1), g‐ZnO(1 : 1), and g‐ZnO(1 : 2) photoanodes have PCE of 1.9 %, 1.36 %, and 0.215 % respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to remove Congo Red (CR) dye in aqueous solution by biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles from Prunus armeniaca L. (PAL‐SeNPs) leaf wastes by green synthesis method. The characteristic structure of PAL‐SeNPs was determined by UV‐vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry‐differential thermal analysis (TGA‐DTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zetasizer, and point of zero charge (pHpzc). The effects of pH, adsorbent amount, time, initial concentration, and temperature were investigated by batch adsorption studies. 2 different kinetic and 4 isotherm models were tested and error analysis functions were determined for the most suitable model. Accordingly, the particle size, crystallinity, pHpzc value and average surface charge of PAL‐SeNPs were determined as 9.969 nm, 48.50 %, 3.47, and −23.6 mV, respectively. Also, the most suitable kinetic and isotherm models for the removal of CR dye with PAL‐SeNPs were found as Pseudo‐second‐order and Freundlich, with R2 values of 0.996, respectively. Also, where the optimum pH was 7.00, the maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 96.59 mgCR/gPAL‐SeNPs. The results obtained show that environmentally friendly and low‐cost PAL‐SeNPs produced by the green synthesis method are a suitable alternative for the removal of CR dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents barium sulfate nanoparticles (BaSO4 NPs) synthesis and characterization using leaf extract from Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Various analytical techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to confirm the structural properties, crystallinity, surface morphology, chemical purity, and presence of organic compounds. The XRD analysis indicated the crystallinity of BaSO4 NPs with an average crystallite size of 7.8 nm, whereas SEM imaging revealed round morphology and EDX confirmed good chemical purity. FTIR spectroscopy provided evidence of both BaSO4 NPs and organic compounds from the leaf extract. The synthesized BaSO4 NP was then applied to degrade four different azo and azonium dyes, demonstrating effectiveness under various conditions. Furthermore, the impact of BaSO4 NP on the germination and growth of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.) was investigated. Preliminary findings suggested that BaSO4 NPs promoted seed germination and growth of foxtail millet at low concentrations. However, caution is advised as higher concentrations may have a toxic effect. Overall, this study highlights the potential of bio‐forged BaSO4 NPs for environmental remediation (dye degradation) and agricultural applications (enhancement of seed germination and growth) while emphasizing the importance of dosage control due to potential toxicity at higher concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and manganese‐doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Mn‐ZnO NPs) were synthesized via a cost‐effective green combustion method employing watery leaf extracts from Ipomoea Staphylina. The nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using FT‐IR, P‐XRD, UV‐DRS, and FE‐SEM with EDX techniques. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the successful doping of Mn in ZnO NPs. Evaluation of photocatalytic efficiency revealed that ZnO NPs degraded 76 % of Congo red dye (CR), while Mn‐doped ZnO NPs exhibited a higher degradation efficiency of 92 %. The photocatalytic performance of Mn‐doped ZnO NPs surpassed that of ZnO NPs, indicating their superior photocatalytic properties. Furthermore, both ZnO and Mn‐doped ZnO NPs displayed notable antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia. Additionally, Mn‐doped ZnO NPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity, demonstrated by their ability to scavenge 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH⋅) free radicals. These findings suggest that biosynthesized pure and doped NPs using plant extract can be promising candidates for antibacterial and antioxidant applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and wastewater treatment fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis nanoparticles have gained interest in recent years due to their environmental friendliness and sustainability. The current study focuses on the green synthesis of BMNP using spearmint leaves as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Because of their excellent catalytic characteristics, the synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles function as an effective catalyst in pyrido[2,3‐d:6,5‐d] pyrimidine derivatives. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized using a variety of techniques, including FT‐IR analysis, SEM & EDX, XRD, and TEM. The FT‐IR study shows a reduction in functional groups in the leaf extract, confirming the metal nanoparticles' stretching. SEM and EDX studies confirm the shape and elemental composition of bimetallic nanoparticles. XRD investigation showed that the synthesized NPs are crystalline, and the Scherrer equation was used to calculate the average crystallite size. The calculated size was 49 nm. TEM analysis confirms the core‐shell nature of BMNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles acted as a superior catalyst in pyrido[2,3‐d:6,5‐d] dipyrimidines derivatives. in the synthetic procedure, BMNPs enhanced the catalytic activity and reduced the reaction time with more yield, Compared to the previous study. and the synthesized compound [1–5] has been confirmed by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR analysis. and it has given better results in in‐vivo anti‐diabetic activity by Streptozotocin nicotinamide. This induced model adult male albino Wistar derivatives show significant fasting blood glucose levels when compared to metformin hydrochloride. and its evaluated molecular docking study, exhibit excellent CDDOCKER energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, acid‐treated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were decorated with silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), and Ag@Zn nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using plant extract for reducing and stabilizing NPs. The nanocomposites were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Raman spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The stability of functionalized MWCNTs (f‐MWCNTs) and NP‐decorated MWCNTs was visually evaluated for seven days in ethanol. The antimicrobial efficacy against Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram‐negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) bacteria, and fungi (Candida albicans) was determined using the agar well diffusion assay. Results indicated that Ag‐MWCNTs and Ag@Zn‐MWCNTs nanocomposites exhibited superior antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and C. albicans compared to other tested microorganisms. Conversely, f‐MWCNTs and Zn‐MWCNTs showed no antimicrobial effects [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review discusses methods for the synthesis of bisidolylmethanes and the prospects for using these compounds in the drug design, as sensors in the biomedical research and in the environmental pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized via green synthesis using fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) seeds of variety HM 425. The AgNPs were characterized by using UV‐Visible spectroscopy, Particle size analyzer, Field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled to Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, XRD, High resolution transmission electron microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The AgNPs were spherical and had an average particle size of 28 nm. The reduction of cationic dyes Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and an anionic azo dye Methyl Orange by Sodium borohydride was used as a model reaction to investigate the catalytic ability of AgNPs. The results demonstrated an efficient catalytic dye degradation of methylene blue (95.81 %, 25 min, 0.1737±0.01 min−1), Rhodamine B (90.23 %, 15 min, 0.1388±0.01 min−1) and methyl orange (83.63 %, 39 min, 0.0412±0.002 min−1). The synthesized AgNPs had an excellent detection limit of 12.50 μM for Hg2+, making them excellent solid bio‐based sensors for mercury sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports for the first time the design of an electrochemical sensor functionalized with green nanoparticles based on Hyphaene thebaica for amoxicillin quantification. Based on a simple one‐pot bio‐reduction reaction, lead oxide PbO coated with Hyphaene thebaica was synthesized. Ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV), fourier transform infrared (FITR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to control optical, structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties of the elaborated nanoparticles. Results demonstrated a good dispersion with a spherical morphology, which is in the order 8 nm. Regarding the good properties of nanoparticles, they are integrated to design an electrochemical sensor for amoxicillin detection. Cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were used to follow up the sensor modification and the electrochemical sensor response versus different amoxicillin concentrations. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical sensor modified with the nanoparticles in question provides a linear detection in the range 50–10000 nM, with a detection limit of 0.105 nM. The proposed sensor also exhibits good sensitivity and selectivity against several antibiotic analogues and has been successfully applied to real samples. Aside from its power in several fields including antibacterial, antifungal, enzyme‐inhibiting and antioxidant, green nanoparticles based on Hyphaene thebaica have demonstrated an effectiveness as a sensor for the electrochemical detection of amoxicillin, highlighting the possibility of adopting these sensors as routine test for the environment monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized via green synthesis using fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) seeds of variety HM 425. The AgNPs were characterized by using UV‐Visible spectroscopy, Particle size analyzer, Field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled to Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, XRD, High resolution transmission electron microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The AgNPs were spherical and had an average particle size of 28 nm. The reduction of cationic dyes Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and an anionic azo dye Methyl Orange by Sodium borohydride was used as a model reaction to investigate the catalytic ability of AgNPs. The results demonstrated an efficient catalytic dye degradation of methylene blue (95.81 %, 25 min, 0.1737±0.01 min−1), Rhodamine B (90.23 %, 15 min, 0.1388±0.01 min−1) and methyl orange (83.63 %, 39 min, 0.0412±0.002 min−1). The synthesized AgNPs had an excellent detection limit of 12.50 μM for Hg2+, making them excellent solid bio‐based sensors for mercury sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle green synthesis is an emerging scientific field that focuses on the production of nanoparticles by living cells. In this work, the potential of extracts of alfalfa leaves (Medicago sativa) as affordable and fabricated zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs) was evaluated for the first time. alfalfa alcoholic extract and zirconium precursor were used to produce ZrNPs, the production and characteristics of nanoparticles were measured using the Tyndall effect, UV‐vis, FT‐IR, EDX, DLS, and SEM tests, antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and toxicity Measurement of nanoparticles on breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐468) and human healthy cells (HFF) was investigated. The optimization of nanoparticle production was evaluated with ANN and GN algorithms. The analysis showed that nanoparticles have spherical‐like ZrNPs shapes with an average of 50 nm size. in addition, ZrNPs have significant cytotoxic effects against human breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐468) cells, and Human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells exhibited the highest resistance to ZrNPs. There was a significant agreement between the results of the designed ANN‐GA model and the experimental data. In this research, ZrNP was successfully created using alfalfa extract as a renewable source of stabilizing and reducing agents with an environmentally friendly approach, and they showed significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, cobalt (Co)‐doped ZnO, and Activated Carbon (AC) ‐Co doped ZnO via green precipitation technique. AC developed from lotus stems and precipitated by lotus leaf extract. Comprehensive structural, optical, and morphological investigations by FT‐IR, XRD, FE‐SEM, EDX, HR‐TEM, UV‐DRS, PL, and XPS studies are used to characterize the photocatalysts. The ZnO nanoparticles are shown to have a hexagonal phase by XRD examination. The results of the FT‐IR analysis proved that specific chemical bonds exist in the ZnO, Co−ZnO, and AC−Co‐doped ZnO nanocomposites. FE‐SEM images revealed spherical morphology with aggregated, randomly distributed particles with an average size range of ZnO, Co−ZnO and AC−Co−ZnO are 59.55, 42.55, 41.16 nm. The band gap energies of ZnO, Co ‐ZnO, and AC−Co‐ ZnO, are found to be 3.10, 2.57, and 1.94 eV, respectively. Rhodamine B is used as a model contaminant to assess the samples under UV‐light driven photocatalytic effectiveness. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency (%) of the pristine ZnO, Co‐doped ZnO, and AC−Co‐doped ZnO catalysts are increased to 61.76, 74.86, and 91.46 % after 140 minutes of under UV‐light irradiation. Degradation rate constant (k) of the AC−Co−ZnO photocatalyst is found to be greater than that of pristine ZnO and Co−ZnO. Due to the synergistic effect of the AC and Co metal dopants and the spherical morphology of the AC−Co−ZnO sample, which boosted UV‐visible light absorption with reduced charge carrier recombination, resulting in outstanding photocatalytic activity. The study also investigated the bioactive effect of the samples on six bacterial species, revealing that the AC−Co‐doped ZnO nanocomposite has the most enhanced inhibitory effects against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Consequently, medical wound dressing materials which helps to promote early healing by preventing microbial contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work describes the synthesis two novel derivatives of 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde through a single pot microwave assisted green synthetic method and the characterization of the synthesized drugs using UV, IR,1HNMR, Mass spectra and CHN analysis. The structure optimization of the synthesized anticancer agents was carried out using Gaussian 9. Also carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from amino acid precursors were synthesized (Cystine and threonine) by microwave assisted method, followed by the integration of CQDS together with 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde and its novel derivatives. The drugs were subjected to targeted drug delivery applications in cancer cell lines (PC3) The MTT assay results revealed that the CQDs conjugated with 4‐nitrobenzaldehye (D1) and one of the derivatives (D3) exhibited greater cytotoxic effects on PC3 cells compared to L929 cells. The outcomes demonstrated that this novel derivative could kill cancer cells as effectively as 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde conjugated with CQDs. Also, the potential cytotoxicity of drugs D1 and D3 were further confirmed by the apoptosis assay using flow cytometry, which also explains that apoptosis is the mechanism underlying cell death in PC3 cancer cells. The autofluorescence test were also carried out in PC3 cells lines and the drugs D1 and D3 showed significant autofluorescence in PE−A (29.9 % and 34.7 %), in Alexa Fluor‐488 (32.6 % and61.1 %) and in Bv510‐A (16.6 % and 23.2 %) respectively. Thus, the synergistic effect of CQDs together with 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde and its derivative drug D3 are indeed a promising medication towards the localized drug delivery applications in prostate cancer cells as well as the autofluorescence results will explore novel arenas in bioimaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scaling‐up of methodologies in the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds faced widespread hindrance in industries due to large‐scale use of toxic and expensive metal oxidants. Novel, cost‐effective and eco‐friendly approaches need to be developed to address these problems. Bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) show synergistic effects at atomic level, which makes them excellent catalysts for organic transformations. Transition metal nanocomposite with unique physicochemical properties and high surface area offers a promising alternative to traditional catalysts. Herein, an environment‐friendly methodology was adopted for the synthesis of Au−Ag BMNPs using phenolic‐rich Ocimum basilicum (L.) leaf extract, which was then incorporated into TiO2 matrix for the synthesis of plasmonic Au−Ag@TiO2 nanocomposite. The formation of the nanocomposite was confirmed through analytical characterizations, such as UV–Vis. DRS, FT‐IR, PL, SEM, TEM and XRD. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols in aqueous media using H2O2 as an oxidant under visible light irradiation at room temperature. The nanocomposite also demonstrated good reusability of 84 % in the fifth cycle, which established its promising candidature for wide‐scale applications. This work holds significant relevance for industries dealing with pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and thus, offers sustainable solution for organic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluorinated 5‐membered N‐containing heterocyclic compounds have wide utility in varied fields. The importance of these compounds has encouraged researchers to explore environment‐friendly synthetic techniques for their synthesis. In this context, microwave‐assisted synthesis has proved beneficial for the synthesis of fluorinated 5‐membered N‐heterocycles in an environmentally benign and energy‐efficient manner. Compared to conventional heating, it offers several advantages, including quick heating, short reaction times, higher yields, and fewer side reactions. This article highlights the microwave‐assisted fluorination of 5‐membered N‐heterocyclic compounds along with the synthesis of fluorinated 5‐membered N‐heterocyclic compounds using fluorinated starting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary objective of this research was to examine the biogenic production of TiO2 NPs using Brassica juncea (L.) Czern seed and investigate the prospective uses of thus synthesized nanoparticles in the area of biomedicine. The synthesized TiO2 NPs were subjected to characterization using several analytical methods namely TEM, UV‐vis, XRD, FE‐SEM, FTIR and EDAX. The average particle size (TEM) is found to be 38 nm, exhibiting irregular shapes. The FT‐IR spectra indicated that the extract contains functional groups, such as polyphenolic, hydroxyl and carboxylic groups, which are likely responsible for formation of nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity studies of the synthesized TiO2 NPs against breast cancer cells (MCF‐7) and lung cells (A549) are shown to be dosage dependent. The inhibitory doses (IC50) were determined to be 43.98 μg/mL and 74.50 μg/mL on MCF‐7 and A549 cells, respectively. Green synthesized TiO2 NPs were assessed for antioxidant activity inhibition rate (DPPH 89.42 %). TiO2 NPs exhibited a maximal zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus 23±0.20 mm against and 20±0.30 against Klebsiella pneumoniae at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, indicating strong antibacterial activity. The findings suggest Brassica juncea (L.) Czern seed encapsulated TiO2 NPs possesses excellent biological applications which can be explored for its application in pharmaceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative and environmentally sustainable approach is presented for the synthesis of cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdONPs), leveraging the leaf extract of the pigeon pea plant (Cajanus cajan) as both reductive and capping agents. This environmentally friendly heterogeneous CdONPs was meticulously characterized through FT‐IR, PXRD, HR‐TEM, SEM‐EDAX, XPS and UV‐Vis spectroscopic analyses. These NPs were subsequently applied to facilitate the three‐component Biginelli reaction using ethyl acetoacetate, urea, and substituted benzaldehydes for producing dihydropyrimidone derivatives in good to excellent yield. The methodology was tested for different aldehydes containing electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating groups. The catalyst demonstrated consistent performance over approximately five cycles, exhibiting negligible loss in yield and catalytic potential. The proposed mechanistic pathway of the reaction was elucidated through intermediate mass analysis and further validated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and catalytic surface adsorption studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the green synthesis of biocompatible TiO₂‐based nanoparticles using Mentha suaveolens extract as a reducing and capping agent. We successfully produced two novel nanocomposites: Fe2O3@TiO₂ and CoO@TiO₂. These nanocomposites possess distinct optical properties, enhanced surface area, and well‐defined morphologies, as revealed by advanced characterization techniques. Notably, Fe2O3@TiO₂ exhibits a red‐shifted absorption, suggesting potential for photocatalysis, sensing, or light‐harvesting applications. Furthermore, the nanocomposites displayed improved antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains compared to the M. suaveolens extract, highlighting their potential as effective and biocompatible antimicrobial agents. Our work pioneers a sustainable and one‐step approach for synthesizing versatile TiO2‐based nanocomposites with tunable functionalities. These findings open doors for developing novel materials with applications ranging from enhanced antimicrobial defenses to light‐driven technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study depicts the synthesis of a novel biocatalyst Cluster Fig Ash (CFA) from cluster fig. XRD, FT‐IR, EDX, TGA, BET and SEM techniques were used to characterize the synthesized CFA catalyst. The one‐pot multicomponent synthesis of pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles derivatives under ambient conditions was utilised to test the catalytic activity of this synthesized CFA biocatalyst. It was found that an easy, reliable, and extremely efficient method has been proposed to synthesise pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles derivatives using one‐pot, multicomponent reaction involving aldehyde, malononitrile, ethylacetoacetate, and Hydrazine monohydrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on fabrication of a cost‐effective Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) adsorbent using Syngonium podophyllum leaves extract to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from synthetically prepared wastewater. Various spectroscopic techniques, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were used to characterize the ZnONPs. Fourier infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR) detected that various organic compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids, and carboxylic acids acts as stabilizing and capping agent. The batch adsorption study was conducted to investigate the effects of Cr6+ adsorption time, pH, adsorbent concentration, and initial adsorbate concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity was 267.068 mg/g at 313 K. The Freundlich isotherm model was most suitable, indicating multilayer confiscation of Cr6+ on the heterogeneous surface. Chemisorption was identified as the mechanism of sequestration. Thermodynamic studies revealed that Cr6+ removal was spontaneous and feasible, with ΔG° values suggesting predominantly physisorption. Additionally, ZnONPs displayed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus bacteria, making them a potential alternative to antibiotics. ZnONPs exhibited impressive antioxidant activity. Overall, ZnONPs synthesized through biosynthesis proved to be excellent nano‐sorbents, antioxidants, and biocompatible materials with promising applications in water remediation and healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment of biomass waste for the fabrication of carbon quantum dots (CQDs), as a novel fluorescent material with high photoluminescence (PL) activity, has gained intense interest for the last decade. However, the fabrication of CQD from biomass waste encounters challenges including low fluorescence yield, reproducibility, and stability. Therefore, the novel, simple, flexible fabrication routes for CQDs using biomass waste as a precursor are still essential for practical applications. In this study, we reported the employment of human urine (U), sour whey (W), and their mixture (U/W) as precursors for the hydrothermal green synthesis approach. For all cases, CQDs with an excitation‐dependent emission nature were obtained with a quantum yield (QY) value of 48 %, 28 %, and 39 % for U, W, and U/W, respectively. For each case, doping of various heteroatoms such as N, P, S, etc., in the structure of CQDs contributed PL characteristics with high QY, reasonably low cytotoxicity, and, robust pH and storage stability which indicate their high potential in various biomedical applications such as bioimaging and pH sensors. This study proves the utilization of human urine and whey as the precursors for the fabrication of CQDs through a low‐cost, flexible, and eco‐friendly green synthesis procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogen‐based diseases are prime concern for modern society. Some oxide‐based nanomaterials have been found to show promising antimicrobial activities. However, the industrial synthesis of these oxide materials are harmful to environment. Zinc oxide nano‐flakes were prepared using corn silk (Zea mays) extract. The material was characterized by spectral and microscopic techniques. XRD data shows rutile structure and nano‐crystal size of 36.15 nm. SEM indicates morphology consisting of nano size particles with porous structure. EDX confirms presence of Zn and O. UV‐Vis data shows band gap of 3.62 eV. On excitation, PL exhibits a variety of emission bands in visible spectrum. Dielectric properties suggest the dielectric constant has a well‐dispersed real and imaginary portion. The ZnO NFs were subjected to antimicrobial activities (in dark and under white light) against various strains like E. coli, K. pneumonia and S. aureus. The light induced antibacterial activity is slightly higher as compared to that in dark. Best part of this study is that minimum concentration of ZnO can be used in presence of light thereby reducing the toxicity to the environment due to these metal oxides. Based on the observed results, this material could be used as multi‐dimensional functional material in day‐to‐day life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles have shown inhibitory capabilities and its use in battling viral infections are strengthened by its potent antibacterial activity. Notably, since it directly affects antiviral efficacy, the proper choice of synthesis process for making silver nanoparticles is a vital element to be taken into consideration. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections involves creating silver particles at the nanoscale with unique antimicrobial properties. Various methods exist for synthesizing silver nanoparticles, including chemical reduction, green synthesis, and physical methods. Chemical reduction involves using reducing agents to convert silver ions into silver nanoparticles. Green synthesis employs reducing agents in an environmentally friendly manner. Physical methods rely on techniques such as laser ablation or thermal evaporation to produce silver nanoparticles. In order to provide technological guidance for choosing antiviral silver nanoparticle manufacturing methods, this paper introduces and explores alternative synthesis methods for creating silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present a strategy for synthesizing Imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazole and Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole in a single step with high efficiency. Glycerol is utilized as a sustainable solvent, offering both economic and non‐toxic properties to facilitate the selective formation of these compounds. The reaction entails a stepwise formation of C−N bonds. Key benefits of this approach include its environmentally conscious reaction conditions, simplicity in execution, cost‐effectiveness, short reaction times, high product yields, solvent reusability, and overall sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we utilized processed edible commercial wheat and oat flours to synthesize highly fluorescent carbon dots using green hydrothermal synthesis. The as‐synthesized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were characterized using UV‐vis spectrophotometry, photoluminescence spectrophotometry, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized wheat‐CQDs (W‐CQDs) and oat‐CQDs (O‐CQDs) had monodispersed spherical shapes with average sizes of 3–8 and 5–10 nm, respectively, and exhibited strong fluorescence intensity and excitation‐dependent photoluminescence. The W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs were highly dispersed in aqueous solutions and exhibited bright green and blue fluorescence, respectively, under UV light (λex=380 and 370 nm). Both CQDs contained abundant functional groups, including amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups, which may play a major role in biological applications. The W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs showed good free‐radical scavenging capacity in the 2,2‐diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and H2O2 assays. The anti‐inflammatory activities of W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs were more effective than that of the standard, with EC50 values of 1.8 and 1.3 mg/mL, respectively, in the protein denaturation assay. Additionally, the CQDs exhibited low cytotoxicity toward NIH3T3 fibroblast and human HeLa cervical cancer cells when treated with a 5‐mg/mL concentration. Therefore, green‐synthesized W‐CQDs and O‐CQDs are easily available, less cytotoxic, and applicable to therapeutic and cell nanocarrier purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of Cyanobacteria‐mediated nanoparticles has attracted great attention due to its ecofriendly, cost‐effective and biocompatible properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in different areas such as medicine, household products, disinfectants or food storage. The present study aimed the biosynthesis of AgNPs from Cyanobacterial Chroococcus sp. and their antimicrobial activities on some important pathogen bacterial species. According to the obtained data, optimal conditions for synthesis of AgNPs were extract rate 3 : 1 v/v (cell extract/AgNO3), silver salt concentration 10 mM, pH 7, temperature 60 °C and time 30 minutes. The surface plasmon resonance peak of AgNPs was observed at 420–430 nm, and AgNPs were well‐dispersed spherical with an average size of 11–13 nm in diameter by TEM. SEM‐EDX analysis revealed a strong signal of silver. With FTIR analyzes, shift in the absorption bands after the AgNPs formation was confirmed. X‐ray diffraction analysis exhibited that the AgNPs were cubic crystalline shape. Zeta potential of AgNPs showed ‐ 20 mV. The AgNPs strong showed antibacterial activity on an opportunistic bacterial pathogens of Micococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The effective and rapid synthesis of Chroococcus‐mediated AgNPs and their strong antimicrobial effects can create an important potential for their use in biomedical and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present research work focuses on synthesizing Ag−Cu bimetallic nanoparticles utilizing an aqueous extract leaf of Excoecaria agallocha, employing a green synthesis route. The incorporation of silver (Ag) with copper (Cu) induces synergistic effects that enhance reaction kinetics and reduce the multicomponent reaction time. The catalysts synthesized through this environmentally friendly approach were thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques, including HR‐TEM, XRD, SEM‐EDX, UV‐Vis Spectrophotometry, and FT‐IR. The UV‐visible spectrum displayed a peak at 257 nm, while the FT‐IR spectrum exhibited peaks at 574 cm−1, indicative of bimetallic peak reductions attributed to the influence of plant metabolites. HR‐TEM and XRD revealed the crystalline with (111), (200), (111), (200), and (220) plane values and shapes of BMNPs. Furthermore, the Ag−Cu bimetallic nanoparticles demonstrated outstanding catalytic performance with high product yield, along with notable reusability and recyclability and excellent antimicrobial activity when compared with commercial antibacterial chloramphenicol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has expanded substantially over the last several decades as an aftermath of its ubiquitous prevalence in scientific research and technology. The current study demonstrates the ecologically benign production of novel nanoparticles comprised of copper oxide (Cu2O NPs). Liquid jaggery played an eloquent role in the present endeavour perpetrating both as a reducing and capping agent. Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV‐Visible Spectroscopy, Field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies, Particle size and Zeta potential supported successful synthesis of Cu2O NPs. This study enumerated and assessed the cytotoxicity of Cu2O NPs on three cancer cell lines: HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF‐7 (breast cancer), and MDAMB‐231 (triple negative breast cancer). IC50 (μg/mL) for Cu2O NPs was recorded as 51.24, 59.24, 64.80 for HeLa, MCF‐7 and MDAMB‐231 cells respectively. The Cu2O NPs also exhibited excellent wound healing efficacy, increased cellular mobility including an elevated rate of closure of wounds (93.70 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are classified as priority pollutants because of their persistent nature, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity; therefore, they must be eliminated. Herein, synthesis of nitrogen‐doped metal hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles (N−MHCF; M=Cu, Zn) was achieved using the green protocol in co‐precipitation techniques for the oxidative removal of PAH pollutants, namely, anthracene (ANT) and phenanthrene (PHE). PXRD and XPS analysis confirmed the doping of Nitrogen in MHCF nanocomposite. The optimum conditions, concentration of PAHs (10 mg L−1), and catalyst dose (20 mg) at neutral pH under sunlight to eliminate PAHs were reported. The degradation followed the Langmuir model and Ist‐order kinetics. The highest photodegraFdation was found for N−CuHCF (ANT: 95 %; PHE: 93 %), as compared to N−ZnHCF (ANT: 90 %; PHE: 87 %), which might be due to a high negative zeta charge (−30.3 mV), surface area, and lower band gap energy (1.7 eV). The GC‐MS technique showed that photocatalysts (N−MHCF) break down PAH contaminants into minor metabolites in exposure to solar irradiation. Up to eight consecutive cycles of use were possible with nanocomposites without any appreciable decrease in activity. Largely because of favorable surface characteristics, N−MHCF nanostructure fabricated via the green method is of great importance with a bright future in industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the biosynthesis method was used for Fe3O4/CuO core‐shell nanocomposite using by aqueous Alcea medicinal plant extract, which aimed to synthesize antibacterial substances against common resistant bacteria. Antibacterial effects of various samples synthesized in different concentrations were evaluated against gram‐positive and negative bacteria in Mueller Hilton agar culture medium. The photocatalytic properties were carried out in a period of 140 minutes, and the maximum effect of the sample was 76 % in 100 minutes. FTIR, SEM, EDX and XRD tests confirmed the correct to design the experiment. synthesis of the nanocomposite with an average size of 38 nm and a surface charge of 23.1 mV. To obtain the best and most effective conditions for the synthesis of antibacterial nanoparticles, the CCD method was used. The main purpose of this research work is to use a medicinal plant as a reducer in the synthesis of metal composite nanoparticles, which plant itself has healing and antimicrobial properties in traditional medical science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically inspired nanomaterials and nanotechnology have advanced in almost all scientific and technological research areas, including biomedical applications and agriculture. Nanomaterials hold immense potential for applications in biomedical and agricultural applications. By harnessing the natural capabilities of plants as sources of reducing and capping agents, the synthesis of nanomaterials becomes cost‐effective eco‐friendly, and yields biocompatible products. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of various plant‐derived nanomaterials synthesized using different methods, highlighting their applications in biomedical and biological sciences, including bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and therapeutics. Additionally, the impact of nanotechnology on precision agriculture is explored, showcasing recent advancements such as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanobiosensors, and nanocarrier‐mediated delivery systems, which exhibit promising results. These recent developments underscore the transformative potential of nanotechnology in both biomedical and agriculture domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report on the green synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) prepared using extracts of guava leaves. The ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized using a simple and eco‐friendly method. Then, the synthesized NPs were characterized using various techniques including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs with an average size of approximately 20 nm, along with a spherical morphology and well‐defined boundaries. The anticancer activity of the synthesized NPs was evaluated against different cancer cell lines, including A549 (lung cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), and MCF7 (breast cancer), as well as normal human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. The analysis showed that the ZnO NPs exhibited significant anticancer activity, especially against the MCF7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, along with relatively low toxicity toward HDF cells. These findings highlight the potential of ZnO NPs synthesized using guava leaf extract as promising candidates for biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, a simple and environmentally friendly hydrothermal treatment of fungal biomass for the preparation of carbon nanodots (CND) has been reported. The optical and structural characteristics of the CND have been thoroughly investigated using X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV‐Visible, and fluorescence spectroscopy methods. Elemental analyses and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been used to highlight the surface functionality and composition of the CND.CND have been employed as a fluorescence probe for sensitive and selective detection of rhodamine B (Rh−B) and malachite green (MG) because the presence of food adulterants quenches the fluorescence of the CND. Finally, human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cell lines have been used to assess the biocompatibility and bio‐imaging features of CND. Fluorescence microscopy has been used for qualitative examination of the cellular uptake of CND, while the MTT test has been used for quantitative analysis of the cell‐type‐dependent uptake of CND. The article further investigates the sensing of food adulterants. Therefore, we have validated the practicality of CND obtained from the new carbon source for versatile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one‐pot multi‐component pathway is reported to synthesize novel spiro‐(1,8)‐naphthyridine derivatives in good to excellent yields via the condensation reaction of isatin derivatives, malononitrile dimer and enamine derivatives. In polyethylene glycol‐400 at 80 °C, more than 30 novel products of spiro‐(1,8)‐naphthyridines were synthesized up to 95 % yields with only water as a by‐product. Separation of the products was performed efficiently and no additional operation was needed for purification of the products, except that, in some cases, recrystallization was done. Moreover, some new spiro‐dihydropyrimidines were efficiently synthesized when malononitrile (or methyl/ethyl‐2‐cyanomalonate) was employed instead of enamines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, green synthesis is utilized in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with hazelnut (Corylus Colurna) husk which is the outer leaf part of the hazelnut shell and is considered bio‐waste. According to transmission electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction analysis, the morphology of the silver nanoparticles synthesized by 0.1 g/mL hazelnut husk extract is found to be spherical with an average diameter of 6.57 nm and possesses ultra‐narrow size distribution. UV‐visible spectrometry reveals the absorbance peak range between 450–475 nm which is in the range of surface plasmon resonance peak of silver nanoparticles with spherical morphology. Antibacterial properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were tested on E. coli and significant antimicrobial activity was found with up to 79 % areal inhibition efficiency. The research revealed that the hazelnut husk extract, a reducing agent used in syntheses with different mass concentrations of hazelnut husk extract, also affects the size of the nanoparticles, allowing for the possibility of controlling their size. The antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles, synthesized in a spherical form of different sizes, correspondingly increased their effect on bacteria which is observed in the inhibition zone. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which can be used in many fields for agriculture, cosmetics, and medical purposes, using plant extract and minimal chemicals is crucial because it affects its toxicity. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles with hazelnut husk not only reduces the chemical waste and toxicity, but it is both easily accessible and helps the environment and sustainability by recycling a normally considered bio‐waste by‐product of high‐value‐added crop to a technologically valuable product silver. Moreover, synthesized silver nanoparticles could be an essential part of applications ranging from antibacterial surface treatments to drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption is an effective technology widely used in the removal of radioactive and other heavy metal ions, the adsorbent plays critical role and development of novel adsorbents is being in urgent demand. In this work, phytic acid (PA)‐modified melamine sponge (MS) adsorbent MS@PDA@PA is prepared conveniently in green solvent water. A wide spectrum of metal ions including radioactive uranyl and transition heavy metal ions can be effectively adsorbed by the MS@PDA@PA due to non‐selectivity of phosphoric acid groups in PA. Different factors including pH of aqueous solution, contact time, and initial concentration of ions on the effect of adsorption of the resultant materials are investigated in detail, and the maximum adsorption capacities for U(VI), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cr(III) are 166.7, 168.5, 114.3, and 101.0 mg g−1 respectively at 298 K. It is notable that the MS@PDA@PA is nonflammable due to employment of MS as frame material, and the thermal stability is even improved after incorporation of PA, greatly reduce the risk of the adsorbent in the processes of storage and usage. The green yet simple synthesis and fire resistance of MS@PDA@PA make it a competitive material for practical treatment of wastewater consisting of toxic metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]