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Ambient air pollution increases the risk of respiratory mortality and morbidity, but evidence concerning effects of air pollution on chronic bronchitis (CB) is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of a set of air pollutants with the burden of CB, and to explore potential modifiers on the associations. In 2020, a total of 6,556,440 adults living in the Northwestern region of China were recruited. The Space-Time Extra-Trees model was employed to assess the annual average concentrations of six air pollutants for the three years (2017-2019) before 2020 , and subsequently allocated to the participants based on the latitude and longitude of their home addresses. We investigated the associations between the levels of various air pollutants and the odds of CB using generalized linear mixed models, and conducted multiple sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses. The odds of CB displays an approximately linear association with particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM 2.5), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM 10), while it shows a non-linear relationship with gaseous pollutants. In the adjusted model, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for CB per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) were 1.297 (1.262–1.332), 1.072 (1.064–1.080), and 2.587 (2.186–3.063), respectively. Furthermore, several additional sensitivity analyses demonstrated the stability of these associations. Subgroup analyses found that the aforementioned associations were greater among participants aged below 50 years old and those who smoked and had no leisure time exercise. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants may increase the odds of CB, especially among younger people and those with unhealthy lifestyles. [Display omitted] • Evidence concerning ambient air pollution and chronic bronchitis (CB) is limited. • We examined the association between air pollution and CB in northwestern China. • Exposure to particulate and gaseous pollutants was related to higher odds of CB. • Our findings may help develop individual-and population-level interventions to reduce CB burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]