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Aliphatic aldehydes are a class of organic compounds containing aldehyde groups, which are widespread, and closely related to people's daily life and health. In this work, a series of terpenes based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents were designed and synthesized using hexafluoroisopropanol as hydrogen bond donor and menthol/thymol as hydrogen bond acceptor. Then they are used as extraction solvent in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for extracting and determining seven aliphatic aldehydes from drinking water and alcoholic beverage combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet. Due to the fact that these hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents are liquid at the room temperature, a density greater than that of water, a lower viscosity (≤26.10 mPa s, 25 °C), after extraction and centrifugation, the microvolume DES-rich phase in the bottom is convenient for collection and direct analysis without further dissolution or dilution with organic solvents. Some factors affecting the extraction recovery were optimized by one-variable-at-a-time and response surface methodology. Under the optimal conditions, the enrichment factors for the seven aliphatic aldehydes were 48–56. The method had good performance: linear ranges of 1.0–200, 0.5–200, 0.2–200, 0.4–400, 1.0–400, 0.4–400 and 0.4–400 μg L−1 for seven aliphatic aldehydes (r 2 ≥ 0.9949), limits of detection of 0.1–0.5 μg L−1, intra-day and inter-day precisions <4.9%. The recoveries of seven aliphatic aldehydes ranged from 76.0 to 119.0%. The proposed dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method is simple, rapid, highly efficient, and green, which effectively reduces the amount of toxic chemical reagents used and their impact on the environment. Rapid and efficient detection of aliphatic aldehydes helps ensure a healthy diet and has great application prospects in food safety analysis. [Display omitted] • Terpenes based HDESs with low viscosity and high density were designed and prepared. • A terpenes HDESs based DLLME was established for enrichment of aliphatic aldehydes. • The DES-rich phase in the bottom is easy to be collected and directly analyzed by HPLC. • The method is simple, rapid, effective and green for detecting aliphatic aldehydes. • The green profile of the method was assessed by AES and AGREE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as emerging endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pose adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Conventional ecological risk assessment (ERA) not fully considering the mode of toxicity action of PFOS and PFOA, may result in an underestimation of risks and confuse decision-makers. In the study, we developed species sensitivity weighted distribution (SSWD) models based on adverse outcome pathway (AOP) networks for deriving predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs). Three kinds of weighting criteria (intraspecies variation, trophic level abundance, and data quality) and weighted log-normal distribution methods were adopted. The developed models considered the inter/intraspecies variation and integrated nontraditional endpoints of endocrine-disrupting effects. The PNECs of endocrine disruption effects were derived as 2.52 μg/L (95% confidence intervals 0.667–9.85 μg/L) for PFOS and 18.7 μg/L (5.40–71.0 μg/L) for PFOA, which were more conservative than those derived from the SSD method and were comparable with the values in the literature based on the chronic toxicity data. For PFOS, the effect of growth and development was the most sensitive; however, for PFOA, the effect of reproduction was the most sensitive in the effects of growth and development, reproduction, biochemistry and genetics, and survival. The endocrine-disrupting effects of PFOS and PFOA are significant and need to be fully recognized in the ERA. This study provided an ERA framework that can improve the ecological relevance and reduce the uncertainty of PNECs of EDCs. [Display omitted] • SSWD considers the inter/intraspecies variation and data quality of toxicity. • AOP network integrates endocrine disruption effects of muti-biological levels. • PNECs of endocrine disruption effects as 2.52 (PFOS) and 18.7 (PFOA) μg/L. • SSWD-based PNECs are more conservative than those from SSD models. • AOP-SSWD improves ecological relevance and reduce uncertainty of PNEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]