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• We found evidence for a hot-cool executive function distinction among preschoolers. • Children's autonomy was positively related to cool and hot executive function. • Only children's cool executive function was associated with numeracy and literacy. • Parental autonomy support was linked to children's cool executive function. A large body of research has shown homelessness is a risk factor for academic difficulties. However, some children experiencing homelessness begin kindergarten well-prepared and continue to succeed; this variability has motivated a search for protective factors supporting academic achievement in the context of homelessness. Two such factors might be children's autonomy and executive function (EF), which allow children to take control of their own learning. The current study examined links between autonomy and EF skills, as well as the role of parenting in their development among young children experiencing homelessness. Participants included 78 parents and their children (M age = 53 months) residing in emergency housing. Children were given an autonomy assessment and both cool and hot EF tasks; parent–child dyads completed a problem-solving task to measure autonomy-supportive parenting. Results indicated that child autonomy was significantly correlated with both cool and hot EF. Cool EF was related to academic skills. Autonomy-supportive parenting was significantly linked only to children's cool EF above and beyond parental warmth, suggesting this dimension of parenting may play a unique role in the development of cool EF in the context of homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child neglect, a pervasive issue impacting numerous children globally, directly correlates with poorer behavioral outcomes. Drawing on data from 1043 middle and high school students in Jiangsu Province, this study investigates the impact of child neglect on the behavioral development of children in rural China. The stress process model was employed to examine the mediating roles of resilience and peer rejection, with gender as a moderator. Findings reveal that child neglect directly correlates with poorer behavioral development, with resilience and peer rejection serving as significant mediators in this relationship. The analysis further reveals that the effect of resilience on behavioral development is moderated by gender, being more pronounced in boys. By integrating the stress process model, this study enriches the theoretical discourse on child neglect and provides empirical evidence from a neglected demographic, emphasizing the need for nuanced, gender-specific policy and practice interventions. These insights underscore the necessity for targeted interventions that consider the unique challenges posed by child neglect, advocating for strategies that enhance resilience and effectively manage peer relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth who experienced early life caregiving adversity (ECA) are at increased risk for developing depression, which may in part reflect a heightened vulnerability to the deleterious effects of later-life stressors, including poor caregiver mental health and interpersonal conflict. Transactional models posit bidirectional influences between caregivers and children that operate over development and more proximally across interactions. To address gaps in knowledge of bidirectional influences between caregivers and children, and differences therein based on ECA exposure, we evaluated the effects of caregiver and child depressive symptoms on their own and each other's emotion-related behavior during conflict resolution, and the effects of their behavior on their own and each other's changes in affect expression from conflict resolution to a recovery task. 161 caregiver-child dyads (child age 6–16 years; 49 % female youth; 45 % caregivers of ECA-exposed youth) participated in videorecorded conflict resolution and subsequent recovery tasks. Caregivers reported on their own and their child's depressive symptoms. Trained coders rated caregiver and child positive and negative affect and supportive and unsupportive emotion-related behavior. Contrary to expectations derived from models of stress-sensitization, results of actor-partner interdependence models demonstrated positive associations between caregiver depressive symptoms and supportive child behavior, among ECA-exposed families. Among these families, only, child supportive behavior was also associated with greater increases in subsequent caregiver positive affect during the recovery task. In contrast to models of stress-sensitization, youth supportive reactions to caregiver distress may initiate positive spirals that transcend interactions. Implications for intervention efforts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The association of ACEs with physical and mental well-being is predominantly examined using a cumulative ACE score. However, less is known about how different dimensions of adversity (e.g., threat and deprivation) may uniquely predict children's mental health and development. • Threat and deprivation dimensions of adversity were differentially associated with mental health and flourishing outcomes in childhood. • Family resilience appears to be protective against the negative effect of threat and deprivation dimensions of ACE on children's mental health and developmental outcomes. • The findings have implications for policy suggestions on socioeconomic resources that promote family resilience and protect health from early life adversities. The association of adverse childhood experience (ACE) with physical and mental well-being is predominantly examined using a cumulative ACE score. However, less is known how different dimensions of adversity (e.g., threat and deprivation) may uniquely predict children's mental health and development. We examined (i) whether two aspects of ACE – threat and deprivation – are differently associated with children's anxiety, depression, and flourishing and (ii) whether family resilience and connection index (FRCI) moderates these associations. We analyzed data from the National Survey of Children's Health (2017–20). The analytic sample consisted of 81,626 children (6–17 years). Logistic regression with survey weights was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for sociodemographic factors. The experience of threat-only ACE and deprivation-only ACE showed differential associations with anxiety, depression, and child flourishing. For example, children who experienced threat-only ACE had a 4.2-fold higher odds of depression (OR=4.2; 95 % CI: 3.37–5.24), and those who experienced deprivation-only ACE had a 2.4-fold (OR=2.4; 95 % CI: 1.98–2.92) higher odds of depression compared to those exposed to neither threat nor deprivation experience. Experiencing both a threat and deprivation showed larger than an additive association with all outcomes. Further, interaction models suggest that the associations of threat and deprivation-type ACE with all outcomes significantly differed by the levels of FRCI. Threat and deprivation dimensions of adversity were differentially associated with mental health and flourishing outcomes in childhood. Family resilience appears to be protective against the negative effect of threat and deprivation dimensions of ACE on children's mental health and developmental outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first study to utilize the Resilience Portfolio Model to examine delinquency outcomes. • Young people were found to utilize their strengths to have an adaptive outcome related to reduced rule violating behavior. • Gender was significant in moderating the relationship between strengths and rule violating behavior for some protective factors. • Gender did not moderate the relationship between all protective factors and rule violating behavior. • More attention needs to focus on identifying gender-specific strengths and factors that operate similarly for males and females. This paper explores the role that gender plays in moderating the relationship between protective factors and rule violating behavior among adolescents and young adults. We explore the relationship between rule violating behavior, protective factors, and gender for regulatory strengths, meaning making strengths, and interpersonal strengths. The Resilience Portfolio Model is used to understand the process of resilience and how utilizing various types of strengths may decrease the prevalence of rule violating behavior. Participants were 860 adolescents and young adults (12–20 years old) within a rural, Appalachian area of the United States who self-reported behaviors based on survey data. Blockwise regression analyses and interaction analyses were conducted to identify gender differences. Findings indicate that overall, males are significantly more likely to report rule violating behaviors than females. Gender moderated the relationship between psychological endurance and moral meaning making with these strengths showing a stronger protective effect for male versus female youth. Several strengths were associated with less rule violating behavior and operated similarly for male and female youth, including emotion regulation, optimism, and community support. Findings suggest that more attention needs to focus on identifying and understanding gender-specific strengths as well as identifying strengths which may operate similarly for both males and females that contribute to reduced rule violating to improve developmental outcomes for adolescents and young adults. These findings are important especially as it relates to prevention of rule breaking among all adolescents and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Young adults have created unique self-narratives while in foster care. • Foster youth navigate relational instability, ambiguity, and hope. • Foster care shapes the self-narrative and identity processes of youth. Foster care involvement is often marked by being in a frequent state of disruption, resilience, disempowerment, and self-protection (e.g., Mitchell, 2016). Although over 400,000 children are in foster care at any given time in the U.S. (Children's Bureau, 2021), foster youth are a relatively understudied population, especially regarding their own meaning-making and the development of their sense of self. The purpose of the present study was to understand the psychological experiences that shape the construction of self-narratives in young adults who have been in foster care. The sample included nine young adults (18–24 years old) who had been in foster care at some point in their childhood; all participants identified as women. The sample was diverse in terms of racial and ethnic identities. Participants completed brief surveys and an interview regarding their background, foster care experiences, and hopes for the future. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Study findings highlighted how foster youth navigated uncertainty, instability, and isolation in their interpersonal relationships, as well as ambiguity in understanding their past, present, and future. Findings further highlighted the process of managing dialectics throughout development, especially regarding adverse experiences, and how youth are shaped by their past to create their future. While these themes were not exhaustive of the complete process of self-narrative development, they did provide a starting point for understanding and empowering foster youth to own their stories. The primary implication of this study is that the unique developmental context of foster care shapes the self-narrative processes and meaning-making experiences of youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PRYSHM is an online group program for sexual and gender minority youth. • PRYSHM was liked by youth and perceived to be impactful. • PRYSHM was delivered with fidelity. • The average attendance was 6.50 out of 9 sessions. • Feedback from youth was used to revise the program for future research. The purpose of the current study was to describe and present implementation outcome data from an open pilot trial of the Promoting Resilient Youth with Strong Hearts and Mind (PRYSHM) Program, an online, live-facilitated, nine-session group program for dating sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) ages 15 to 18. The program, co-facilitated by two LGBTQIA2S+ adults, focuses on reducing proximal forms of minority stress and building LGBTQIA2S+ community in addition to providing evidence-based teen dating violence (TDV) and alcohol use (AU) prevention components. Participants (recruited via social media) included 18 SGMY (ages 15 to 17) from across the U.S. who completed a baseline survey and immediate post-test, as well as post-session surveys following each of the nine sessions. Sessions were recorded to monitor fidelity and facilitation skills. The intervention was highly acceptable, and the program was perceived to be relevant and impactful, as evidenced by SGMY agreeing or strongly agreeing to items assessing these domains. Further, fidelity was 82.4% (average) across sessions, and the average attendance was 6.50 out of 9 sessions. SGMY also provided open-ended feedback used to revise the PRYSHM program for future implementation and evaluation research. These data provide preliminary support for PRYSHM as a feasible, acceptable, and safe prevention program and suggest that further evaluation of the program using larger samples and rigorous outcome evaluation methods is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Childhood Community Experiences Scale (CCES) is designed as a brief, self-report measure to retrospectively assess community-level childhood experiences, including circumstances and events that are conceptualized as risk factors and protective factors. • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic strategies were used to examine the factor structure of the Childhood Community Experiences Scale (CCES), comprised of the Community Risk Scale and the Community Protective Scale. • This study provides validation data on the CCES and expands our understanding of the associations between community risk and protective factors and psychological health and psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Community-level childhood experiences make up important aspects of early life that are associated with long-term health outcomes. However, to date, there have been no validated measures that assess community-level experiences during childhood. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate a measure that would assess community-level experiences associated with both risk and resilience. Data were collected from 577 undergraduate participants (68.7% female). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic strategies were used to examine the factor structure of the Childhood Community Experiences Scale (CCES) comprised of the Community Risk Scale and the Community Protective Scale. Convergent validity and predictive utility of the CCES with existing measures of individual risk and resilience and adult psychosocial functioning were also examined. Results indicated a 5-factor solution for the Community Risk Scale and a 6-factor solution for the Community Protective Scale to fit the data best. Further, results suggest the convergent validity and predictive utility of the CCES with measures of adult psychosocial functioning. This measure allows for a brief, self-report assessment that can be used to assess childhood community-level risk and protective factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• These captives faced constant danger, abuse, uncertainty, and a loss of autonomy. • Children fought for both emotional and physical survival to regain their power. • To survive, the children utilized their identity, relationships, routine, and hope. • This study shows how media interviews can aid empirical and theoretical knowledge. Recent armed conflicts worldwide have highlighted that child abduction and hostage-taking are pervasive and universal concerns in these contexts. However, little research exists on the phenomenon. The current study was designed to examine the question: How can a child survive captivity? The study sample was gathered by searching popular Israeli news channels and conducting manual searches with systematic keywords on Google and YouTube. Fifty-seven recorded interviews conducted in Hebrew with 18 of the released child hostages, aged 8–18, were included and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Two main themes were generated: 1) The children's emotional experiences in captivity and 2) The children's coping strategies in captivity. This study provides a unique glance into the way children survive captivity, as portrayed by 18 children who survived captivity in Gaza for over two months. The findings demonstrated the children's incredible creativity and abilities to employ resilience from various sources. The current study is a crucial step for addressing the lacuna in research on child captivity during armed conflict. It makes vital contributions to the fields of trauma, child abuse, and resilience research. This study also recognizes the limitations in its methodology but demonstrates the viability of collecting children's testimonies in the media when done in an ethical manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is a reasonable range for financial risk perception, and neither too high nor too low is reasonable. • Teenagers with different initial financial risk perceptions respond differently to the same intervention. • Teenagers in low-risk perception group show more pronounced changes after intervention than those in high-risk perception group. • Bayesian statistical analysis is used for small samples to enhance the confidence of the results. This study examined the effects of a single-group pretest–posttest intervention in changing the level of financial risk perceptions among teenagers from the perspective of the financial resilience framework. 37 teenagers completed the six-week nonrandomised intervention with follow-up tests at Weeks 8 and 22. Based on the pretest scores of the Internet Financial Risk Perception Scale, the participants were divided into high- and low-risk perception groups. Bayesian repeated variance analysis was then used to evaluate the influence of the intervention on financial risk perception. Compared with the baseline level, the low-risk perception group showed an increase in total financial risk perception and each subdimension. Decreased changes were observed in the long term, although no sufficient evidence was found for changes in the high-risk perception group after the intervention. The financial resilience-focused framework and its corresponding program neutralizes the perceived risk. Furthermore, similar interventions should consider the initial level of risk perception among participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The baseline data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) 2014–2015 was employed to construct linear regression models and structural equation models, which were used to investigate the effects of different parenting styles on the mental health of rural left-behind children. The study found that parenting behaviors and parenting attitudes in two different modes, intergenerational parenting and parental parenting, both have an impact on the mental health of rural left-behind children, with no significant difference between the two. Nevertheless, the quality of the relationship between children and their mothers has a considerable impact on their mental health. Secondly, parenting behavior exerts a direct and indirect influence on the mental health mechanism of these children, the direct effect is considerably more pronounced than the indirect effect; the impact of parenting attitudes on the mental health of left-behind children is contingent upon the mediating variable of mental resilience. In order to mitigate the adverse effects of parental absence on the mental health of left-behind children, it is imperative that families enhance their parenting attitudes, reinforce parent–child communication, and cultivate a nurturing family environment. Schools must implement human-centered education, enhance the professionalism of teachers, and extend greater care and support to left-behind children. Furthermore, the state and the government must prioritize the development of the rural economy and strive to narrow the urban–rural disparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Qualitative study, examining networking skills, and social ties that are built and bind care-leavers to others. • The importance of these social connections and how care-leavers elicit the necessary help to achieve their goals in society. • Importance of fostering community and building social skills to support young people's reintegration into society. • Social workers and care providers should work together to broaden care-leavers networks and build social skills. This article aims to deepen and theorize our understanding of the psychosocial processes young people who are transitioning out of residential care engage in, specifically networking people for goal attainment. A qualitative approach was used to collect data from 31 South African residential care-leavers who were one to seven years out of care, aged 17–26 years. Using a grounded theory method of data analysis this study aims to fill the gap in theoretically informed studies by constructing indigenous theories to explain the care-leaving journey. This paper presents findings on (1) the need to elicit social connections; (2) honing networking skills in eliciting social connections; and (3) the strength in weak ties. The implications for practice point to the necessity of fostering a sense of community among care-leavers prior to their transition since this would eventually promote the development of youth resilience. Thus, to support young people's reintegration, social workers and child and youth care providers should cooperatively assist them to cultivate and broaden their networks of social connections and work proactively on building social skills for those purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recent global research on COVID-19's effect on care leavers suggests their vulnerability heightened during the pandemic. • Studies focused on the pandemic's adverse effects, neglecting to explore how care leavers managed the resulting challenges • The study highlighted care leavers' utilization of diverse coping strategies. • Participants found their personal skills valuable in managing COVID-19 stressors. The COVID-19 pandemic has had multiple implications for the lives of care leavers, an already marginalized population. Although there has been a focus in the literature on the negative implications of the pandemic, and on the heightened risks and needs among this cohort, little attention has been paid to their resilience and to the way in which care leavers have coped. Based on resilience theory and conservation of resources (COR) theory, in this study we explored the coping resources and assets of care leavers during and following the pandemic from the perspective of 44 care leavers in Israel aged 18–29. Thematic analysis revealed four main themes: reliance on their own personal features and skills, future perceptions as a motivational aspect, past and current support from formal services and figures, and support from informal social networks. The findings indicate that the pandemic has offered a unique lens through which to consider care leavers' strengths and resilience. Implications for policy and practice include highlighting the role of the state as a "corporate parent" in providing protection against the pandemic's negative implications and emphasizing the importance of formal services and professional figures as central sources of support in care leavers' coping and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harsh parenting and intimate partner violence increased during the pandemic. However, pediatrician-led evidence-based models that link primary care, home visiting, and child maltreatment prevention have been neglected, despite C. Henry Kempe's successful programs from 1971 to 1973. The Kempe randomized trial included comprehensive pediatric follow-up by a single physician and a lay health visitor whenever indicated, and/or weekly visits by a public health nurse in the home 50 years ago. The interventions responded to abnormal parenting practices and early warning signs during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and postnatally and reduced the hospitalization for serious injuries among those 2 years old. The Kempe trial was not cited in many publications but only 402 times in Google Scholar in October 2023. Kempe's call for promoting emotional health and parent bonding 40 years ago was echoed in the American Academy of Pediatrics' Bright Futures and Policy Statements on Promoting Relational Health in 2021. Relational health is a strengths-based approach, which can promote safe, stable, and nurturing relationships, buffer adversity, and build resilience. Screening for relational health should be integrated into Obstetric and Pediatric Care, and home visitation should become linked to primary care as a basic health benefit. Pediatric care must be transformed based on the evidence in the Kempe trial, focus on promoting primary prevention and trusted relationships from pregnancy on, and engage community resources to address unmet social needs, enabling integrated behavioral health, and changing financial incentives that now prioritize procedures and crisis interventions over cognitive services and prevention. The education and training of future pediatricians needs to emphasize the importance of relational health in the family, and the moment is now to collaborate and implement these forgotten interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Parents with young children in shelter rely on themselves to identify resources. • Parents combined local and other resources to meet needs in shelter. • Collaboration across schools, community agencies, and shelters could help families. • Information sharing and mutual aid among families could increase service use. Homelessness among families with young children challenges parents and entails risks to development. Community resources (CR) and social safety nets (SN) buffer risks and build resilience. Yet, some families who experience homelessness are not connected to CR and SN, precluding more resilient outcomes. Little is known about how families experiencing homelessness learn about CR and SN and how they use them. Information about CR and SN is critical for improving access to and use of supports. We asked sixteen parents with young children living in a homeless shelter how they learn about CR and SN, and how they use those CR/SN. Parents primarily used self-reliance, and not professional helpers, to learn about CR and SN by purposefully seeking information and by using knowledge from previous experiences of homelessness and poverty. Families were not always enrolled in CR/SN suggesting missed opportunities for more resilient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the function of psychological resilience, anger, and hostility as mediators in the connection between attachment styles and life satisfaction among university students in Turkey. The sample size of the study was 326 university students, consisting of 218 (66.9 %) females and 108 (33.1 %) males. The mean age was 21.4 and the standard deviation of the statistic for their age was 2.7. The distribution of the sample according to grade level was as follows: first year, 92 (28.2 %) second, 152 (46.6 %) third, 46 (14.1 %) and fourth, 36 (11.1 %). The Three-Dimensional Attachment Styles Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Psychological Resilience Scale, and Symptom Screening List were used to collect data. The study's findings indicate that secure attachment, anxious attachment, psychological resilience, anger, and hostility are statistically significant determinants of life satisfaction. Bootstrapping analysis revealed that psychological resilience, as well as anger and hostility, partially mediated the association between secure and anxious attachment styles and life satisfaction. These results improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms between attachment styles and life satisfaction by considering the roles of hostility and psychological resilience. We can design prevention and intervention programs to enhance psychological resilience and reduce hostility, thereby reducing the impact of anxious attachment on life satisfaction. Similarly, interventions to increase the impact of secure attachment on life satisfaction can focus on developing psychological resilience and reducing hostility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adverse childhood experiences have a pervasive global presence and profoundly impact children's mental well-being. • Social support and resilience could mediate the relationship between ACEs and MWB. • Left-behind status could moderate the connections between ACEs and both resilience and social support. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), encompassing situations like abuse, neglect, and family challenges, have a pervasive global presence and profoundly impact children's mental well-being (MWB). This study aims to comprehensively examine these effects within the context of Chinese children and explores the potential mediating roles of social support and resilience. Additionally, the study examines whether the unique circumstance of being left behind alters these relationships. The research collected data in Yunnan Province, China and the final sample size was 775. Intriguingly, the finding revealed that direct associations between ACEs and children's MWB were not statistically significant. However, our analysis underscores the pivotal roles played by social support and resilience in mediating the relationship between ACEs and MWB. This implies that the presence of supportive relationships and the capacity to bounce back from challenges have a considerable impact in mitigating the negative effects of ACEs on children's mental well-being. Furthermore, this study unveils a noteworthy moderating effect of the left-behind status, notably influencing the connections between ACEs and both resilience and social support. These findings contribute to enrich our understanding of the interacting mechanism in relationship between ACEs and MWB, offering valuable insights for policymakers and social workers. The findings could guide the formulation of targeted interventions that effectively promote the mental well-being of children affected by ACEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people placed in residential care are at an increased risk of a wide range of emotional and behavioral difficulties. Some of them deteriorate in psychological outcomes, some show no changes, and some show healthy psychological outcomes. Recent research has identified protective factors of adolescents' psychological health outcomes in residential care, framed on the Resilience Portfolio Model. However, to the best of our knowledge, studies using qualitative designs are scarce. This qualitative study aimed to identify adolescents' perspectives on the concept of resilience and identify their perspectives on protective factors for psychological health. Nineteen adolescents (12–17 years old; M = 14.21; 57.9 % male) from three non-specialized residential care settings in Portugal participated in this study, answering to a semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed using content analysis, and the results revealed that our participants identified specific factors in residential care (e.g., staff and peer support) and out-of-care (e.g., family) contexts that are relevant to their resilience outcomes. The childcare system should consider adolescents' resilience portfolios by fostering individual assets and contextual protective factors to promote positive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional abuse and neglect are among the most common forms of psychological trauma. It is known that individuals exposed to emotional abuse and neglect during childhood are at a higher risk of developing psychopathology in adulthood and experience various difficulties in interpersonal relationships. This research investigates the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and emotional neglect and codependency in young adults. The research group included 401 participants, aged between 18 and 45, with 305 females (71.6%) and 96 males (23.9%), reflecting various aspects of young adulthood, as defined by Levinson's theory of individual life structure. The data were collected using the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale, the Emotional Abuse and Emotional Neglect subscales of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Adult Resilience Measure. The results showed that childhood emotional abuse and neglect were positively related to relationship addiction and negatively related to resilience. Furthermore, resilience was found to be a partial mediating variable in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and codependency. However, the established model of the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and codependency was not statistically significant. These results suggest that childhood emotional abuse and neglect are significant predictors of codependencyand can help understand the impact of emotional abuse on codependency and resilience in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simultaneously examines the temporal and longitudinal contributions of self-compassion to resilience in early adolescents. • Identifies self-compassion, positive affect, and negative affect as predictors of both current and future resilience. • Demonstrates positive and negative affect's partial mediating roles in the relationship between self-compassion and resilience, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Self-compassion and resilience, though distinct, have been mainly independently explored in adolescents with links to various well-being and mental health outcomes. This study simultaneously investigates the temporal and longitudinal contributions of self-compassion to resilience by exploring potential mediation roles of positive and negative affects in early adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of early adolescents studying in secondary schools in Turkey. The first-wave data (T1) was collected in May 2023, involving 259 students (M = 10.92, SD = 0.70). The second-wave data (T2) was collected in September 2023 from 253 participants (M = 11.26, SD = 0.71). The results revealed that self-compassion, positive affect and negative affect predicted current and future resilience. The mediation analysis showed partial mediating roles of positive and negative affect in the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between self-compassion and resilience. This suggests that interventions focusing on enhancing self-compassion, with the potential to increase positive affect and reduce negative affect, could positively impact both current and future resilience in early adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Few studies on child abuse in welfare care have assessed a caregiver perspective. • Caregivers can provide unique insights into the adjustment of children in care. • Interviews with former caregivers revealed key intra- and interpersonal factors. • Hindering: Abuse, devaluing attitude, lack of attachment, emotion (dys-)regulation. • Promoting: Coping via creativity and escape, emotional support beyond caregiver. Despite the growing research on child maltreatment within welfare care, few studies have included the caregivers who were involved in care provision and can provide insights on an intra- and interpersonal level. Therefore, this study aimed to examine intra- and interpersonal factors that promoted or hindered the adaptive adjustment and resilience of children in welfare care, from the previously neglected perspective of former caregivers. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with N = 12 Swiss former caregivers. Participants were 10 females and 2 males, aged between 58–91 years (mean age = 74.5 years). Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using framework analysis. Two themes emerged from the data on both the intrapersonal level (i.e., Core Characteristics , Coping), and interpersonal level (i.e., Caregiving Attitudes and Actions , Relationships and Attachment). Resilience hindering factors included emotion regulation difficulties, issues within the child-caregiver relationship (e.g., differential treatment, abuse and punitive measures, lack of affection and attachment), and placement disruptions. Resilience promoting factors included coping via creativity and imagination, and social and emotional support beyond the caregiver (e.g., siblings, animals). Results highlight key areas for action at the intra- and interpersonal levels, including psychotherapeutic interventions for children in care (e.g., addressing insecure attachment), and psychoeducation and mentoring programs to enhance caregiver reflective practices and improve care provision. Future research and practice should incorporate the caregiver perspective to develop the training and support for care staff and ensure the safeguarding of (current and future) children in welfare care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Receiving foster care or in-home services was related to negative life events. • In-home services were related to more negative events and fewer protective factors. • Negative life events mediated 30% of the association with mental health problems. • Personal, family, and social protective factors buffer against mental difficulties. • Protective factors affected mental health problems independently of negative events. Adolescents in contact with the child welfare services (CWS) are at increased risk of experiencing negative life events (NLE) and mental health problems compared to the general population. There is, however, limited knowledge of whether protective factors can promote resilience in the CWS population in the context of NLE. Data stem from the population-based youth@hordaland study conducted in 2012, comprising 9492 adolescents aged 16–19 years. In total, 283 youth confirmed contact with the CWS and were categorized as receiving in-home services (IHS; n = 138) or living in foster care (FC; n = 145). The youth provided self-report information on NLE, mental health problems and protective factors. The IHS- and FC groups reported significantly more NLE, mental health problems and fewer protective factors compared to the general population. Adolescents receiving IHS consistently reported the most problems compared to the general population. Approximately 30 % of the association between contact with the CWS and mental health problems was mediated by NLE. Further, higher scores on the protective factors predicted lower levels of mental health problems, independent of the number of experienced NLE. Small interaction effects were found for the protective factors Goal Orientation and Family Cohesion and NLE. The results highlight that protective factors can buffer against mental health problems among adolescents receiving CWS interventions. More research is needed to further disentangle the mechanisms leading to better outcomes in this high-risk group of adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Most studies compared care leavers to their peers in the overall population, rather than to at-risk non-residential care youth. • Compared with youth in the community, youth in care were significantly less likely to report having a mentor. • Meaningful adult figures were found vital for at-risk youth in care and in their natural environments. • Facilities should ensure stable mentoring to achieve effective mentoring relationships. In this study, we explored the protective and promotive factors (e.g., life skills, hope, and mentoring relationships) among at-risk youth in the community in comparison to those in residential care. Our aim was to understand the mechanisms contributing to their resilience. The participants consisted of 373 at-risk adolescents aged 16–19, either placed in out-of-home care or living with their biological parents and receiving community-based treatment in Israel. The results revealed notable differences between youth in residential care and those in the community. Specifically, participants in residential care were significantly less likely to report having a mentor and showed lower levels of life skills. Through multi-group structural equation modeling (SEM), we uncovered that life skills played a mediating role in connecting youths' mentoring relationships with their hope within both groups. The discussion suggests the importance of considering both contextual and personal factors as integral components of intervention programs. This approach is applicable to both care settings and community programs designed for at-risk youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Children reported lower levels of happiness and satisfaction during COVID-19 compared to before in general and in all five aspects examined: their relationships with their family and friends, with school, with their free time and with their life as a whole. • Family relationships were found to be the most supportive factor in children's lives during Covid-19, and the context they were most satisfied with. Children also reported that since COVID-19, they could spend more time with their families and that they became closer to some family members. This suggests that a supportive family can be a source of resilience for children in times of crisis, and that even in such times, children can experience growth. • a significant correlation was found between children's reports on the quality of their relationships with family, friends, and teachers and their SWB. • Children reported relatively low levels of fears and worries with regard to the pandemic. And also, fears and worries correlated weakly with children's SWB. This implies that the absence of negative symptoms or feelings did not account for the child's quality of life. • First, considerable variance in the level of children's SWB during the pandemic was found. • Cross-national differences were found in children's SWB and the effects of their relationships. Nevertheless, it was found that only a small share of the variance in children's SWB could be attributed to differences across countries (5%-8.7%), while the remaining variance was attributed to children's relationships. The COVID-19 pandemic was the worst global health disaster of this century. Although children were not at a particularly significant risk of morbidity, let alone mortality, the pandemic posed an acute threat to their well-being. Despite the extensive literature on the impact of COVID-19 on children, studies rarely focused on their subjective perspectives, quality of life and subjective well-being (SWB), but rather on their mental health problems. Moreover, most studies included only a single country. The current quantitative study addressed these gaps by empirically exploring children's lived experiences to assess their SWB, the quality of their relationships with significant others and its effects on SWB, as well as their fears and worries during the pandemic. It was based on a sample of 23,803 children aged 7–15 from twenty countries. The findings indicated a decrease in children's SWB during the pandemic. It was also found that children's SWB was predicted by their relationships with significant others. Fears and worries were found to be correlated with children's SWB very weakly. Finally, some cross-national differences were found in children's SWB and in the effects of their relationships on their SWB. Nevertheless, only a small share of the variance in children's SWB could be attributed to differences across countries. These results are discussed in terms of implications for research and policy: although COVID-19 is in many respects already behind us, we can learn much from what happened during that time to better cope with future global or national crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The anti-gender marriage referendum campaign in Croatia imposed visibility on LGBTQ youth. • Imposed visibility transformed initial feelings of anger and fear into resilience. • The marriage referendum campaign empowered young LGBTQ people to engage in activism. • Participation in the LGBTQ community helped young people strengthen their resilience. • Young LGBTQ people in Croatia see their coming out as a political act. After an intensive marriage referendum campaign in 2013, organized by the 'In the Name of Family' organisation (Cro. U ime obitelji), the definition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman was included in the Croatian constitution. At the time of the campaign, the participants in this research were young people, most of whom were in elementary or secondary school. Considering most of them had not come out to their immediate social circle, they were particularly vulnerable because of the visibility that was imposed on them. This article will introduce the results of ethnographic research on the Zagreb Pride LGBTIQ non-governmental organisation, as part of which we conducted 31 semi-structured interviews with former and (at the time) current members of the organisation. We focused on three different issues: 1. How the marriage referendum campaign affected young LGBTQ individuals and their social engagement; 2. Why they saw their identity as an expression of political activism; 3. How they transformed their initial negative feelings into resilience and political activism. The results show that the marriage referendum campaign had a significant impact on young LGBTQ people, transforming their initial feelings of anger and fear into resilience. Considering the political and social context in Croatian society at the time, our participants noted that they thought about their coming out as a political act. Consequently, this inspired them to further mobilise and take part in political activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Latinx immigrant youth in New Orleans (a new Latinx destination in the US South) reported changes in family arrangements, educational barriers, and challenges of a new sociocultural context as barriers to experiencing well-being. • Despite barriers, participants described a number of strategies that drew on internal and external resources at the individual, family, and cultural level for mitigating stress and resolving problems. • Efforts to promote the resilience and well-being of Latinx youth through research, practice, and policy are warranted and essential to improving health and social outcomes for this growing population. An increasing number of Latinx young people in the United States are facing unique challenges to attaining and maintaining well-being as residents of new Latinx destinations. This study analyzes the testimonios of 12 Latinx immigrant youth (aged 18–21) who participated in a digital narrative research project in New Orleans – a new Latinx destination in the US South. Findings are interpreted and discussed through the lens of the Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST), revealing Latinx young people's perspectives on the barriers to experiencing well-being, the "bridges" that helped them to experience well-being despite those barriers, and the ways in which broader contexts and identities shaped their lived experiences. This study offers evidence of the detrimental health impacts of racialization and marginalization on Latinx youth in a new Latinx destination, as well as the assets, resources, coping skills, and meaning-making processes that supported their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Existing literature links hope and mentoring to positive outcomes, but a gap exists in LGBTQ youth research. • Self-chosen mentors were found to contribute to higher levels of hope among LGBTQ youth. • Internalized homophobia and anti-LGBTQ harassment strongly predicted lower hope levels. • Mentoring significantly reduced associations between risk factors (e.g., gender identity, anti-LGBTQ harassment, internalized homophobia) and hope levels. Based on the minority stress model, which emphasizes the unique risk stressors that impact LGBTQ youths' lives, and the resilience perspective, which emphasizes the interaction between protective and promotive factors in youth and their surroundings, we investigated in this exploratory study the mechanism by which natural mentoring relationships contribute to LGBTQ youths' hope. A web sampling of LGBTQ youth aged 12–25 (N = 198) was used, and participants answered a self-report questionnaire to assess their hope, mentor support, risk factors (i.e., internalized homophobia, anti-LGBTQ harassment, level of outness, gender identity and sexual orientation) and personal characteristics. Findings showed that the support of mentors, particularly mentors as autonomy promoters, contributed significantly to LGBTQ youths' hope. Results also revealed that transgender youth had lower levels of hope than did LGBQ cisgender youth. The mediation analysis revealed that the support of mentors mediated the link between risk factors (e.g., antigay harassment, internalized homophobia) and higher levels of hope. The discussion suggests considering both risk and protective factors as an integral part of LGBTQ youth intervention programs in the contexts of their lives (e.g., school). Also discussed are the possible explanations for the contribution of natural mentoring and the mechanism involved in risk and protective factors. Implications for practice emphasize the importance of increasing LGBTQ youths' hope via their social ties with mentors in their environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four adjustment profiles were identified: unchallenged, resilient, distressed, and at-risk. • LGBTQ + students were overrepresented in the at-risk and distressed profiles. • Internal protective resources encompassed self-esteem and openness about sexual and gender minority identity. • An LGBTQ + friendly school climate was an external protective resource, particularly for LGBTQ + students. Negative school experiences, such as bullying, compromise the well-being and mental health of adolescents, particularly those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, or questioning (LGBTQ +). The aim of the current study was to identify different profiles of psychological adjustment among students according to their exposure to risk (higher levels of bullying victimization) and evidence of psychological adjustment (lower levels of anxiety), as well as to compare these profiles in relation to (i) participants' age and sexual and gender identity, and (ii) internal and external protective resources. The study used data collected by the FREE research project in Portugal through an online questionnaire among 1,169 students, with a mean age of 16.2 years (SD = 1.20), of which 47.1 % identified as LGBTQ +. Four adjustment profiles were identified: unchallenged, resilient, distressed, and at-risk. Sexual and gender minority students, particularly those who identify as trans and non-binary, were overrepresented in the maladjusted profiles (at-risk and distressed) and underrepresented in the normative profile (unchallenged). Furthermore, internal resources such as a higher self-esteem and lower levels of sexual identity concealment seemed to have a protective effect. Students' acceptance of LGBTQ + students and perception that school was safe for LGBTQ + students revealed a protective effect for all students, whereas teachers' acceptance and access to school information and support for LGBTQ + issues revealed a protective effect for sexual and gender minority students only. Implications for the improvement of school climate and intervention with students and teachers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• American Samoan adolescents report prevalent depression, anxiety, and suicidality. • This study aimed to identify family-level contributors to guide intervention. • We used a qualitative, collaborative, and community-partnered approach. • Six parenting and family practices arose to strengthen adolescent mental health. • We present an evidence-based framework to develop a Samoan parenting program. American Samoan adolescents experience a high prevalence of mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, substance use, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. To complement existing health system efforts, family-based interventions may be a feasible, cost-effective, and relevant opportunity to promote mental health. This community-partnered, qualitative study aimed to: (1) identify potential family-related psychosocial protective factors for adolescent mental health and (2) develop a framework for a parenting program to promote adolescent mental health in American Samoa. Applying the fa'afaletui framework developed for research in Samoan communities, which emphasizes the importance of weaving a range of community member perspectives to reach consensus, semi-structured in-depth interviews with adult key informants (n = 28) were conducted between October 2020 and February 2021. Results were validated through five focus groups with Samoan adolescents (n = 35) between May and June 2022. Adult participants were sampled for diversity in profession, age, gender, education, and region of residence; adolescent participants were sampled for diversity in gender. Participants were recruited using personal networks and snowball sampling; adolescent participants also responded to Facebook advertising. The semi-structured interviews focused on broad topics including common mental health problems, contributors to mental illness, and potential interventions, among others. Transcripts were coded in duplicate and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. Themes were collaboratively mapped onto an adapted fonofale model, an existing framework for Pacific Island health research. Six themes described key practices: (1) provide emotional safety and security; (2) provide physical safety and security; (3) encourage sense of self; (4) strengthen intergenerational communication skills; (5) prioritize quality time; and (6) cultivate healthy coping strategies. Participants also expressed the importance of a supportive environment grounded in culture, family and community, and caregiver mental health. These results provide an initial step to identify family-focused factors that promote adolescent mental health in American Samoa and categorize them into a framework to inform intervention development. Drawing on a collaborative and community-partnered process, these findings provide the first evidence-based framework to develop a parenting program to promote adolescent mental wellbeing and resilience in Samoan communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a pervasive problem associated with increased clinical symptoms of anxiety and depression including emerging adulthood. • The attachment, regulation, and competency (ARC) Framework of Resilience is associated with decreased mental health symptoms in emerging adults. • Findings offer preliminary support for the application of the ARC Framework of Resilience to emerging adults with a history of ACEs. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a pervasive problem linked to a myriad of negative outcomes (e.g., anxiety, depression) across key developmental periods, including emerging adulthood. The attachment, regulation, and competency (ARC) Framework of Resilience offers several factors through which the associations between ACEs and mental health symptoms may be reduced. Examine the utility of the ARC Framework of Resilience among a sample of emerging adults. Data were collected from 289 emerging adults from a large Midwestern University. Descriptive statistics and bivariate relationships were examined. Independent sample t -tests were employed to explore differences in demographics and ARC variables for 4 or more ACEs, clinical anxiety symptoms, and clinical depressive symptoms. A path analysis was fit to examine the structural relationships between ACEs, ARC factors, and anxiety and depression. Variation in the variables of interest were found across high vs low ACEs and clinical levels of anxiety and depression. ACEs were related to attachment (R2 = 0.10) and competence (R2 = 0.02, but not regulation (R2 = 0.00). Connections between ARC factors and anxiety (R2 = 0.39) and depression (R2 = 0.28) were multifaceted. Findings offer preliminary support for the application of the ARC Framework of Resilience to emerging adults with a history of ACEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Social support from professionals promotes resilience in LGBTQ+ youth in care. • Professionals can create affirming environments that mitigate stigma for LGBTQ+ youth in care. • Availability, trust, and honesty are key characteristics of supportive relationships among professionals. • Youth need LGBTQ+ specific support including recognition, affirmation, and companionship. LGBTQ+ youth strengthen their resilience resources through the development of meaningful relationships that provide them with unique tools to combat the stress derived from experiences of discrimination and violence targeting their marginalized identities. However, more research is needed to understand how this group benefits from the social support provided by child welfare professionals and how these relational processes may strengthen their resilience, since these professionals are often the only adult models of relationship, even after leaving care. The focus of this study was to understand youths' processes of resilience-development through relationships with care professionals in the child welfare system. In this study, we held 15 narrative interviews with LGBTQ+ youth between the ages of 14 and 21 years that were living in residential care in Spain. We carried out a reflexive thematic analysis. The results show that LGBTQ+ youth in care experience feelings of safety through supportive relationships with professionals that are enhanced by availability, trust, and honesty. Safe spaces in care are facilitated by professionals who normalize LGBTQ+ issues and make LGBTQ+ youth feel they can be themselves in their residential homes. Functions of social support such as personal attachment, belonging, and acceptance were evident in the youths' experiences. Young people expressed gratitude for professionals who provided identity support and who encouraged youths to authentically express themselves fully. Professionals who scaffold agency in youths' identity development process, as well as emotional and practical support, promoted resilience. This knowledge is a building block to advance our understanding of how social support for LGBTQ+ youth in child welfare systems can counteract the negative impacts of non-affirming families and institutions by augmenting resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Taking care for children with severe disabilities puts high demands on parents. • Outsourcing care to residential care facilities is emotionally complex for parents. • The decision to outsource is a process, marked by fields of tension and uncertainty. • Parents fear to be replaced as attachment figures, while also cherishing hope and trust. • Support to parents should be sensitive to and normalize these complex emotions. Caring for children with severe to profound intellectual disabilities (SPID) can be an overwhelming burden for parents, leading them to consider outsourcing some of the care to residential care facilities. However, this decision is complex and emotionally challenging for both the parents and the child. This Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis study aimed to explore the emotional experiences of parents when making the decision to outsource care for their children with SPID to residential care facilities. In-depth interviews were conducted with seven mothers of children aged between 8 and 18 who were actively considering a transition to residential care. The study revealed that this decision is a complex and ambiguous process, accompanied by layers of insecurities and fields of tension, against a backdrop of high care burden and (fragile) resilience. It requires parents to balance their child's and their own needs, rational and emotional arguments, and complex emotions, with the ultimate goal of finding a sustainable care solution in the long term while still fulfilling their role as attachment figures. The findings of this study are critical in supporting families who are facing such an important and emotional transition in their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Children highlighted their struggles with socialisation and a fear of rejection. • The schooling experiences unfolded in two phases: observation and participation. • Children emphasised a strong need for psychological support. • The findings underline the significance of tailored support services. This study explores the experiences of Ukrainian refugee children in Estonia following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 with a focus on their daily functioning, challenges, and resilience. Three main themes emerged from interviews carried out from October through December 2022 with 11 refugee children aged 10 to 16. First, the adaptation process was related to various challenges including living environment, language, participation in two different types of schooling, and homesickness. Children highlighted their struggles with socialisation and a fear of rejection. Second, the schooling experiences of these children unfolded in two phases: initially, they engaged in passive observation and limited interaction with Estonian classmates, after which active participation enabled them to express optimism but also fear of not meeting language proficiency requirements. Third, the children emphasised a strong need for psychological support to address trauma and stress resulting from the war and displacement. They outlined the importance of family, peer support, engagement in leisure activities, and a connection to nature in facilitating their adaptation. The findings underline the significance of tailored support services, language acquisition programmes, mental health services, and culturally sensitive interventions for Ukrainian refugee children in Estonia. The implications include reforms in education, integration, and long-term monitoring to facilitate the well-being and successful integration into the new environment of this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adolescents at a youth group talked about loneliness (causes and prevention) • Loneliness was a personal experience but also constructed by society. • Loneliness was a mismatch between interpersonal skill and context; • Self- and interpersonal skill development can reduce loneliness. • As can safe spaces, including for emotion regulation, where resilience is shared. Loneliness particularly affects adolescents and is linked to long-term health and social difficulties. Existing literature lacks clarity on young people's perspectives around how loneliness develops and can be prevented. We examined young people's views on ways youth services can prevent loneliness, and how this can be further informed by their perspectives of its causes. We spoke to fourteen adolescents living in England, with a diverse range of abilities and ethnicities, aged 10–18. Adolescents were identified by youth group leaders of a youth group they regularly attend to take part in interviews and focus groups. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. Causes of loneliness included personal experiences, inappropriate interpersonal skills, and society. Ways youth groups can prevent loneliness include promoting self-development, emotion regulation, and interpersonal skills. Our research illustrates young people's perspectives, and we make practical recommendations which we hope services will implement to reduce the risk of loneliness in young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Those with former foster care experience provide barriers, facilitators, and recommendations to serve the needs of sibling relationships in foster care from an ecological perspective. • Participants advocate for increased training about sibling relationships for foster parents and child welfare workers. • Participants want youth voices to be incorporated with making decisions about sibling relationships. For children in foster care sibling support is associated with better mental health and resiliency. Despite the findings on the importance of sibling relationships, siblings are frequently separated from each other. Previous research has explored sibling separation and barriers to placing siblings together. This qualitative study aims to identify barriers and facilitators to sibling relationships from the perspective of those formerly in foster care. A thematic analysis was completed to explore the experiences of 11 adults with foster care experience and identify perceived barriers and facilitators to sibling relationships. Results are interpreted through an ecological framework. Barriers and facilitators are identified at the individual, microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem levels. Specifically, barriers and facilitators relating to visitation, placement, foster parents, child welfare workers, the foster care system, and the legal system are discussed. Participants also provided recommendations for overcoming barriers and finding ways to facilitate relationships between siblings in the different levels of the ecological system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A critical review of adolescent resilience scales found the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (83%) to be most adequate. • Two other scales; the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (83%) and The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (78%) were also found to be adequate. • This review provides a guide for researchers to help with scale selection based on psychometrics and the underlying theoretical basis of each scale. Valid quantitative measures of adolescent resilience are important for the development of knowledge and have implications for practice with adolescents. This scoping review followed Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) five step process and aimed to (1) identify the most used self-report scales that measure resilience of adolescents in studies published between 2000 and 2021, (2) describe the scales' psychometric properties, (3) describe the scales' conceptual and theoretical formulations, and (4) assess the scales' relative strengths, weaknesses, and adequacy. A review of 118 papers revealed six commonly used scales. A construct validation approach adapted from Skinner (1981) and expanding on Pangallo et al., (2015), with evidence assessed in four stages (theoretical formulation, reliability, validity, and application) was utilised to critically evaluate the six scales. The results showed that the most adequate scale for measuring resilience in adolescent populations was the Child and Youth Resilience Measure, scoring 83% of points. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (also scoring 83%) and The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (78%) were also found to be adequate. This review provides clinicians and researchers with a critical overview of common scales measuring resilience in adolescents, including their underlying theoretical basis. This is vital to ensure the measure chosen is valid and matches the theoretical aims of the research/ application. Our review also suggests that too often, researchers fail to look beyond the original validation study when selecting resilience scales, and often fail to analyse and report current psychometric data from the chosen scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• More than one-third of the foster children in the sample displayed adaptive functioning across domains. • 31.1 % of the foster children displayed poor adaptation in two or three domains. • Foster children with adaptive functioning across domains displayed better behavioral regulation. • Behavioral regulation may be a useful intervention target for promoting resilience among foster children. Variability in adaptation is common among children exposed to early adversity, with a proportion of this group demonstrating adaptive functioning or resilience. The present study aimed to explore variability in adaptive functioning in social competence, mental health, and school adjustment in a sample of children in foster care, and to assess which factors differentiated resilient children (i.e., showing adaptive functioning across domains) from those who were not resilient. We assessed 45 children in foster care aged between 4 and 9 years. The analysis was conducted from a multi-method, multi-informant perspective and included domains of functioning or competence (social competence, mental health, and school adjustment), distal factors (adversity and placement factors), and proximal psychological factors (behavioral regulation, emotion understanding, and attachment representations). Following a threshold approach, children were categorized as showing positive or negative outcomes in each domain. 17 (37.8 %) foster children were found to have positive outcomes in all three domains, whereas 14 (31.1 %) had only one or no positive outcomes. Resilient foster children displayed greater behavioral regulation than the rest of the foster children. There is great heterogeneity in adjustment among foster children, with a substantial proportion well-adjusted across domains and almost one-third displaying difficulties in two domains or more. Consequently, the available support and interventions for foster families should correspond to this varying level of needs. Behavioral regulation seems a promising intervention target for promoting resilience among children in foster care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Using a positive youth development framework that focuses on cultivating environmnets centered on belonging and inclusion would benefit youth in care. • Belonging is a mechanism that helps explain changes in resilience among siblings separated due to their placement in foster care. • Belonging is a mechanism of change within the Camp To Belong programming. Previous work has established camp-based sibling reunification impacts to youths' resilience and sense of belonging. The current study tested the mediating effects of belonging on pre-test-post test changes to youth resilience. We examined survey data from 2,260 youth who attended one of 16 camp-based reunification programs in the U.S. and Australia. Youth belonging at camp partially mediated pre-test post-test changes to measures of resilience. In a multi-group model, the indirect effects of belonging on youth resilience differed according to youth individual characteristics. Belonging is a resilience promoting mechanism for youth in out-of-home care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Instability often overshadowed young people's experiences of being in care. • Disrupted schooling could have a devastating impact on academic confidence. • School was frequently described by participants as a key source of support. • Stigmatisation was a significant theme in participants' narratives of school. • Narratives often painted a complex picture of instability, educational struggle, and perceived failure. • The societal imperative to be resilient and self-reliant had the effect of responsibilising participants. Research highlights a plethora of negative outcomes for care leavers and it is widely accepted that children in care are likely to have lower educational attainment than their peers. Rather than concluding that these figures can be attributed directly to being 'in care', scholars have indicated that the matter is more complex, drawing attention to circumstances which pre-date or supersede entry into care. This paper seeks to highlight the experiences of those care leavers who bucked the trend and achieved sufficient qualifications to study in higher education. Despite achieving well academically, our research shows that young people in care still struggled to manage the academic pathway between care and university. This paper draws on evidence collected from 234 care experienced students in England and Wales to consider the educational challenges faced by those without familial support. Findings revealed that instability, stigma and poor institutional support were significant barriers in participants' educational journeys. We consider the impact of narratives of 'meritocracy' and 'resilience' on interpretations of educational success for care leavers. We conclude that caution should be exercised when celebrating individual successes, and greater attention should be paid to structural and systemic barriers to educational achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Efficacy of social entrepreneurship training on enhancing youth employability is studied. • Potential of social entrepreneurship training in psychological development is examined. • Social entrepreneurship training is effective in enhancing youth's psychological growth and employability. • Early introduction of curriculum-based youth entrepreneurship is recommended. Accounting for 37.6 % of the total unemployed population, youth unemployment is critical in Hong Kong. With the agenda set by the government, entrepreneurship is suggested as an effective means to enhance their employability. Under this context, this study examines the impact of social entrepreneurship training on youth's employability and their psychological growth. The subjects were underprivileged youth referred through social workers from Band 3 secondary schools who participated in the three-stage training program including baseline assessment (T 0) and post-training questionnaires (T 1). Among the 100 participants, 77 pairs of responses from T 0 and T 1 were matched and included in the data analysis. The results show that this program is effective and can enhance underprivileged youth's psychological growth in terms of their self-esteem, career-linked self-efficacy, flourishing, sense of self-worth and resilience, entrepreneurship skills and intention, and overall self-perceived employability. Young participants' entrepreneurship skills and intention positively predict their self-perceived employability. This relationship is mediated by their psychological strengths and resilience. Therefore, early introduction of curriculum-based youth entrepreneurship training is recommended in secondary schools to enhance their psychological growth and increase their competitiveness at the workplace in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A total of 26 peer reviewed studies were included in this scoping review. • Factors can be classified into child, caregiver, relationship, and legal/cultural/social factors. • The most common risk factors were caregiver's financial needs and physical health. • The most protective factor was caregiver's spirituality/religion. • More rigorous studies are needed in the future. African American children are disproportionately placed in kinship care, specifically with kin caregivers who have pressing service needs given their relatively poor physical and mental health, and low economic status. Kinship caregivers often face challenges, however, they also show resilience when raising relative children. Although the literature has examined risk and protective factors that affect kinship caregiving, no scoping review has been conducted to summarize these factors as they relate to African American kinship caregivers. This study aims to summarize the risk and protective factors that affect African American kinship caregiving. Twenty-six studies were identified from this scoping review. A data template was used to extract information on data/sample, research methods, and risk and protective factors. This review found that the risk and protective factors in the identified studies can be summarized into four types: child, caregiver, relationship, and legal, cultural or social issues. Caregiver factors were examined from the perspective of physical and behavioral health, parenting, and resources. The most common risk factors were caregivers' low social economic status or great financial need, and caregivers' physical health. The most common protective factor was caregivers' spirituality or religion. This review helps to better understand the risk and protective factors for African American kinship caregivers. Policies should be informed by African American kinship caregivers' unique qualities to provide useful cultural solutions. Evidence based interventions should be developed and provided to African American kinship caregivers to improve their parenting abilities and to provide them with additional resources and supports. Implications for child welfare research are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It was determined that there was an increase in the resilience levels of the experimental group students who participated in the Psychological Resilience Psycho-Education Program. • It was determined that there was a decrease in the school burnout levels of the experimental group students who participated in the Psychological Resilience Psycho-Education Program. • It was determined that there was an increase in school attachment levels of the experimental group students who participated in the Psychological Resilience Psycho-Education Program. • It was observed that the results did not change in the follow-up tests. • There is a positive relationship between resilience and school attachment. • There is a significant relationship between resilience and burnout. This study aims to examine the effects of a Resilience Psycho-Education Program (RPEP) on the resilience, school attachment, and school burnout levels of 8th-grade students. It is an experimental study based on the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test models, which involves an experimental group, a placebo treatment group and a control group. The independent variable of the research is the Resilience Psycho-Education Program. The dependent variables are 8th-grade students' resilience, school burnout, and school attachment scores. The research was carried out with impartially and randomly selected 54 students who were attending 8th grade in Akyazı, ISE, and Zergan secondary schools in Kızıltepe district of Mardin province in Turkey. Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28), Elementary School Student Burnout Scale for Grades 6–8 (ESSBS) and School Attachment Scale for Children and Adolescents (SASCA) were applied to the participants in the study group. In the research procedure, RPEP consisting of 8 sessions was administered to the experimental group; the placebo group took part in media-literacy studies consisting of 7 sessions that were not related to psychological resilience and no procedure was applied to the control group. Follow-up measurements were performed twice, which are two and six months after the application of post-test. To analyze the data, the Kruskal-Wallis H test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test were utilized. The research found significant differences (p <.05) between the post-test scores of the experimental, placebo, and control groups in favor of the experimental group in all measurements. The determined effect persisted even after two and six following months. As a result, the findings obtained from the study suggested that RPEP may be an effective means of increasing the psychological resilience and school attachment levels of the students in the experimental group and reducing their school burnout levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Youth offenders reported more victimization episodes in childhood. • Youth offenders reported more anxiety and less resilience. • Poly-victimization and resilience affect anxiety. Victims of poly-victimization reveal a higher negative impact than victims of a single type of violence. Exposure to multiple types of violence is a stronger predictor of developing worse mental health outcomes. The main objectives of this study are to verify the relationship between poly-victimization, anxiety, and resilience, compare delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents, and identify the predictors of anxiety. The sample comprises 143 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14.93, SD = 1.63), of which 97 (67.8 %) were identified as young delinquents and 46 (32.2 %) as non-delinquents. Participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ), the Resilience Scale (RS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAIC C-2). Analysis showed a relationship between JVQ, the RS, and the STAIC C-2. Compared to non-delinquents, young delinquents reported more childhood victimization episodes, more anxiety, and less resilience. Additionally, gender, poly-victimization, and resilience are significant predictors of anxiety. The findings showed that poly-victimization and resilience affect anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Participants showed personal, positive, and evaluative present and possible selves. • Self-continuity was studied using thematic continuity in present and future selves. • Participants presented mostly academic possible selves, linked to present selves. • Academic experience is associated with the development of autonomous selves. • Students' selves were positive regardless of the studied sociodemographic variables. Being in a situation of social exclusion limits the potential of individuals and hinders their possibility to have a dignified life. In order to avoid social exclusion and marginalization, adequate access to formal education is vital. However, continuing education in marginalized neighborhoods poses a great challenge both to individuals and to their sense of self. In the present work, we took an approach to educational resilience based on the analysis of learner identity of students that present a trajectory of resilience in severely impoverished neighborhoods. The sample consisted of 132 students from such at-risk neighborhoods, who, despite this risk, completed mandatory secondary education successfully and continue their education beyond that level. They were administered a modified version of the Twenty Statements Test (TST) to measure current and possible selves related to their learner identity. The organization of the self, the emotional valence, the plane of action, the thematic reference, and thematic self-continuity were analyzed, as well as possible selves' relationship with grade level, gender, and parental formal education. Results showed that, despite risk, their possible selves had high standards and were positive, reflexive, and connected to their current selves, which regulate and guide the students' actions towards their goals. Academic experience and high parental formal education were related to the development of more personal and reflexive possible selves, reflecting the appropriation of school-related discourses about the self and the future. Interestingly, none of the variables was related to the emotional valence of self-descriptions. Students with a trajectory of resilience developed a highly positive sense of future self regardless of academic experience, gender, or parental formal education. Implications for resilience theory, identity research, and social intervention in at-risk contexts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study investigated the effect of the PILOT program on the multifaceted performance of elementary school students. • Students exposed to a high-level intervention demonstrated an increase in resilience, psychological flourishing, substance resistance self-efficacy, cognitive reappraisal, and a reduction in depressive symptoms and internet addiction tendency. • Students with low cognitive reappraisal and elevated depressive symptoms benefited the most from the intervention program. This study aimed to investigate the intervention effects of the Positive Interpersonal and Life Orientation Training (PILOT) program on various positive psychological outcomes across two levels of intervention exposure. Most life skill-based intervention programs have been proven to be effective in preventing substance use behaviors and mental illness. However, the effects of these programs on positive psychological competence still needs to be explored. Additionally, the influence of intervention exposure on effectiveness has rarely been considered in most studies. Eight hundred and sixty-eight elementary school students participated in the PILOT program. Analysis of covariance and PROCESS were conducted to investigate the effects of PILOT on the outcome indicators. The results revealed that students exposed to high-level PILOT reported higher levels of resilience, psychological flourishing, substance resistance self-efficacy, cognitive reappraisal, lower levels of depressive symptoms, and internet addiction tendency than students in low-level PILOT in the post-test. The findings indicate that students with a low level of cognitive reappraisal and a high level of depressive symptoms can benefit more from PILOT. The effects of PILOT and their implications in helping students encounter the COVID-19 pandemic in an East Asian context and the influence of fidelity are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• UASC status negatively correlated with achievement for Palestinian refugees in Jordan. • Structuring and scaffolding strategies associated with protective-enhancing effect on reading achievement. • School ability grouping associated with protective-stabilizing effect on reading and scientific achievement. • School academic selectivity associated with vulnerable-reactive effect on scientific achievement. • Microsystemic and mesosystemic factors play vital roles in UASCs' educational resilience. Limited research exists on the underlying processes through which socio-ecological factors contribute to the educational resilience of UASCs. This can be attributed to a lack of quantitative reporting on the educational outcomes of UASCs. The study examined the relationship between UASC status and educational achievement among Palestinian refugees in Jordan using the PISA 2009 dataset. It identified socio-ecological factors at the student-level, teacher-level, and school-level that are associated with the promotion and protection of education for this vulnerable group. The sample comprised 410 Palestinian refugee students in Jordan, of which 91 were identified as UASCs. Correlational analysis examined the relationship between UASC status and educational achievement. Hierarchical regression analysis then identified socio-ecological factors impacting educational achievement after controlling for student, teacher, and school variables. Main effects and interaction effects in the regression models revealed key promotive and protective processes. Findings showed that UASC status negatively correlated with achievement across all subjects. However, female gender, higher educational, social, and cultural status, positive class disciplinary climate, positive teacher-student relations, and higher school use of ability grouping provided promotive effects on achievement for UASCs. Higher teacher use of structuring and scaffolding strategies provided a protective-enhancing effect on reading achievement for UASCs. Higher school use of ability grouping provided a protective-stabilizing effect on both reading achievement and scientific achievement for UASCs. In contrast, high school academic selectivity provided a vulnerable-reactive effect on scientific achievement for UASCs. The study highlights the importance of adopting a socio-ecological and socio-interactional framework with robust quantitative approaches to gain in-depth understanding of UASCs' educational resilience. The identification of microsystemic and mesosystemic factors (those at teacher-level and school-level) as critical promotive and protective assets provides vital insights to inform research, policy, and practice aimed at supporting UASCs' ability to thrive academically despite risks associated with being UASC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore how young adults living in public housing perceive their neighborhood. Qualitative data were collected from 70 young adults living in public housing in a city in the eastern United States. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Participants reported a mix of perceptions including observations that the buildings are dirty, the neighborhood is unsafe, as well as the idea that living in the neighborhood had increased their resilience and motivation. Results imply a framework of neighborhood influencing and mitigating factors as well as effects on young adult development. • Young adults living in public housing perceive their neighborhood as both positive and negative. • They identified neighborhood influencing and mitigating factors and effects on their development. • Influencing factors include community members, diversity, everybody knows everybody, and the building/land environment. • Mitigating factors include community resources, gentrification, and safety. • Effects include resilience, motivation, and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delinquency of street children in China is prevalent, but the etiology of pathways into delinquency among street children in China has yet to be explored. By drawing on in-depth interviews with 40 street children in Kunming, China, this paper investigates the processes that lead street children to become involved in crime. The research finds that street children's pathways to delinquency occurs via three stages: (1) initial attempts to make a living through conventional activities; (2) involvement in the informal economic activity as a middle solution; and (3) engaging in instrumental crime as a last resort. Delinquent behavior is thus street children's natural adaptation when access to legitimate survival opportunities are eliminated by institutional exclusion to the formal labor market and because of the government's efforts to tackle child homelessness which often have negative consequences for children living on the streets. This reflects both anomie/strain theory and resilient perspectives, and this research constructs a model of anomie, resilience and crime. The article concludes by arguing that policy and practical implications for reducing street children crime in China should focus on providing life and work opportunities and help to raise awareness of street children in China and the mechanisms they use to assist their survival on the streets. • The study investigates the pathways to delinquency for street children in China. • Street children's delinquency is a response to the oppressive social structure. • Delinquency reflects street children's resilient adaptation. • Policy and service should focus on providing opportunities to street children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Families under multiple stresses present a challenge that requires coordinated multiple helping hands. Drawing on the baseline data, this paper profiles >200 multistressed families (MF) who entered into a specific enhancement programme in Singapore and compares the sociodemographies, family functioning and resilience of the children between transnational and non-transnational families. Findings show these transnational families have significantly older fathers, greater age difference between spouses, more fathers unemployed, and have significantly more needs related to system barriers. Although their youths do not have a lower resilience when compared to the non-transnational group, the overall resilience level of the youths from MF is significantly lower than that of the normative youths. Family income and number of system needs are found significantly correlated with both family cohesion and family flexibility. Multilevel regression with variables controlled shows that being a male and those with high family flexibility will predict a better youth resilience. Discussion and recommendation are made on the unique context of Singapore and possible ways to improve family flexibility in the Asian context. • This study analyzed the baseline data of ≥200 families under multiple stresses (MF) who joined an enhancement programme in Singapore. • Transnational families have significantly different father profile and more needs related to system barriers than non-transnational families. • The overall resilience level of the youths from MF is significantly lower than that of the normative youths. • Multilevel regression shows that being a male and those from family with high flexibility will predict a better youth resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the annual number of reported difficulties with LBC increases in rural China, the need to find innovative and different interventions grows. In this study, the outcomes of a whole-community intervention program targeted at improving the well-being of LBC and other rural children ages 7–18 were examined through a quasi-experimental evaluation. Our evidence suggests that the implementation of the Children's Companion Mother Program benefitted LBC in several dimensions of their well-being: their resilience, physical health, academic performance, safety, guardianship and communicative competence. This study also examined intervention effects among different populations. The 'Whole Community and Whole Child' approach, containing pluralistic engagement, activated endogenous resources, and para-professional social service workers, should be employed in order to build up a systematic and effective rural child well-being framework. • The implementation of the Children's Companion Mother Program benefitted LBC in several dimensions of their well-being. • The intervention effects vary among different populations. • The Whole-Community approach, should be employed to built up a systematic rural child well-being framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]