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In the process of pursuing a Chinese path to modernization that advocates the promotion of harmony between humanity and nature, dealing with the synergy of multi-target environmental regulation policies is an important task towards the modernization of China's governance system and capacity. In this context, can synergistic environmental policies more effectively promote industrial transformation and upgrading when facing the two strategic tasks of building a beautiful China and achieving the goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality? Existing research has no answer to this question. This study used the policy of establishing ' acid rain and SO2 pollution control zones' and the low-carbon city pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment of environmental policy synergy and combined the influences of the effective government and the efficient market within a unified analytical framework. Using the panel data of 282 prefecture level cities and above in China from 2003 to 2020, this study used the difference-in-differences model to examine the impact of the constraints of the dual environmental objectives, i.e., pollution control and carbon reduction, on the transformation and upgrading of regional industries. The results showed that: (J) Comparing with a single environmental regulation, the synergistic effects of the pollution control and carbon reduction policies were better at promoting regional industrial transformation and upgrading, and the conclusion consistently held through a series of robustness tests. © The mechanism analysis showed that under the dual environmental objectives, the effective government could stimulate regional industrial transformation and upgrading via the regulatory effect of fiscal expenditure. Simultaneously, the efficient market could motivate micro-enterprises to generate relocation and innovative compensatory effects to realize the transformation and upgrading of regional industries. Further research revealed distinct heterogeneity in the transformation and upgrading of regional industries under the dual environmental objectives. The zones with the two pilot policies had a more pronounced impact on the industrial transformation and upgrading of eastern regions, non-traditional industrial bases, regions with heightened environmental consciousness, and areas with superior environmental infrastructure. This study suggests that: ( Local governments should coordinate the overall situation and avoid the blind development of energy-intensive and highly polluting projects. © They should maximize the financial sector's role as a mainstay, attracting and directing more social capital towards green and low-carbon industries. © They should divide and implement national targets for reducing pollution and carbon emissions based on local conditions, and explore experiences and models that can be popularized and replicated. ® They should increase innovation incentives to encourage the synergy of low-carbon technology and low-pollution emission control technology. ® They should also deploy tailored policies that cater to specific regional conditions, foster the profound integration of regional resources, and maximize the potential advantages of each region's synergistic development in pollution control and carbon reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource allocation efficiency is one of the most important themes of economic research, so research on environmental policy and resource allocation is an important aspect to evaluate the economic effects of environmental policies. This paper first briefly reviews the research context of the theory of resource reallocation and resource misallocation and then analyzes the conceptual implications and accounting methods of resource reallocation and resource misallocation. Secondly, this paper takes the theoretical assumptions and mechanisms of different models as the main line, systematically sorts out the relevant literature on the impact of environmental policies on resource reallocation and resource misallocation, summarizes and reviews relevant theoretical and empirical research, and puts forward the shortcomings of the research and future direction of expansion. Finally, this paper makes a brief comment on the research status of China’ s environmental policies and resource allocation and puts forward their research prospect. This paper finds that: ① From the perspective of resource reallocation, environmental policies affect the reallocation of resources across firms or within firms by changing the entry and exit conditions, inhibiting the degree of product market competition, and changing product mix. By distorting factor prices, these policies lead to the deviation of the equilibrium allocation of factors from the optimal allocation of firms, thereby causing resource misallocation. ② The conclusions on how the initial distortion affects the resource reallocation effect of environmental policies, or whether environmental policies can mitigate the resource misallocation caused by the initial distortion, differ de⁃ pending on the form of the initial distortion. ③ The existing literature on environmental policies and resource allocation is insufficient in terms of research perspectives, research methods, and research scenarios, and the research conclusions on the impact of environmental policies on resource allocation efficiency usually depend on the relevant assumptions and research scenarios of benchmark models. The theoretical analysis results and the degree of influence under different frameworks of benchmark models are different. This paper believes that, based on the Chinese scenario, theoretical breakthroughs in the measurement of the micro-mechanisms and effects of environmental policies affecting resource allocation, environmental policies and industrial transformation and upgrading, environmental policies and resource space mismatches, etc., may be a marginal contribution of China’ s research on development economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The river chief system is a policy innovation to deal with water pollution implemented by local governments from the bottom and the central government from the top in China. It is of theoretical and practical significance for preventing water pollution, protecting the water environment, and building ecological civilization to comprehensively review the diffusion mechanism of the river chief system and empirically test its implementation effect and influence mechanism. We used the DID model to evaluate the impact of the river chief system on water pollution based on the micro-enterprise data of the Yangtze River Delta matched with the statistical database of in‑ dustrial enterprises and the green development database. We found that the result did not satisfy the common trend hypothesis, so we used the multi-period DDD model to identify the implementation impact of the river chief system on the discharge of water pollutants in enterprises and to examine the transmission mechanism of its impact on pollution discharge. The results showed that: ① The river chief system had a significant impact on the reduction of water pollutants in the water pollution industry and could significantly prevent water pollution in the Yangtze River Delta. ② The implementation of the river chief system could improve corporate environmental perfor‑ mance by increasing investment in environmental innovation and reducing production, while reducing their total factor productivity in the short term. ③ The implementation impact of the river chief system had a heterogeneous ownership and policy motivation, which had a stronger regulatory effect on private enterprises. State-owned enterprises with stronger environmental awareness had a greater selfdrive for emission reduction, but the regulatory effect on state-owned enterprises was weak. The enterprises in the region that actively implemented the river chief system had better emission reduction and pollution control effects, while the implementation of the river chief system at the request of the superior government weakened the impact of the river chief system policy. In the process of fully im‑ plementing the river chief system, local governments should continue to fully implement the policy, guide enterprises to continuously in‑ crease innovation investment to improve their pollution control ability through technological upgrading, enhance their environmental awareness through strengthening social supervision, and actively carry out appropriate innovation on the environment protection system so as to improve the motivation and subjective initiative of governments at all levels to strictly implement the river chief system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy implementation gap in the field of environment has attracted much attention. An analysis of the existing literature has found that the gap was a result from some unreasonable institutional arrangements. However, local governments' environmental policy implementation behaviors are not completely consistent with the research. Given the unchanged nature of the existing institutions that restrict the local governments' implementation enthusiasm, their implementation behaviors are not continuously depressed, but fluctuate from time to time. In other words, the implementation gap of environmental policies does not always exist. Based on the signaling theory, this paper explored the causes of the 'time-varying gap', trying to supplement the existing literature, and sought possible ways to reduce or eliminate the gap. This paper studied the statistics of environmental signals transmitted by the Chinese central government through documents (394 copies) and various media outlets from 2000 to 2015 and coded 26 items from the dimensions of credibility/reliability, powerfulness and transparency according to the signaling theory, and constructed the balanced panel data of central environmental signals and 31 provincial governments' environmental regulation behaviors in China's mainland from 2000 to 2015. The results of the regression analysis showed that the central government's environmental signal was the source of local governments' environmental regulation behaviors; the credibility, powerfulness and transparency of the documents could significantly affect the environmental regulation behaviors of the local governments. Therefore, in order to reduce the environmental policy implementation gap, the central government signals, especially the document signals, should be used more effectively in practice. It is of great importance to strengthen the credibility, intensity and clarity of the documents, with a focus on the issuance of documents with small quantity but high quality, and a focus on the use of the clarity attribute, so as to better mobilize the enthusiasm of local governments in environmental governance. This paper not only supplements the literature on the theme of environmental policy implementation gap, but also overcomes the limitations of the existing environmental governance literature which pays too much attention to the insufficient implementation of environmental policies in China, thus extending the research vision to the theme of maintaining policy compliance, and providing a low-cost method for the effective stimulation of the local governments' environmental governance behaviors under the current institutional arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of the increasing uncertainty of environmental policies and pressure on environmental protection, how to effectively promote the realization of both low-carbon development and economic growth in the industrial sector through two-way FDI needs urgent attention. On the basis of the data of 33 industries from 2004 to 2017, low-carbon total factor productivity (LCTFP) was measured by the non-oriented EBM-Malmquist-Luenberger model, and environmental policy uncertainty was measured by the frequency of relevant keywords based on the 10 major newspapers of the Huike database on China's mainland. On the basis of a theoretical analysis, the study examined the main effect between two-way FDI and LCTFP from the two dimensions of depth and breadth, tested the moderating effect of environmental policy uncertainty, and discussed the heterogeneity of industry and environmental policy uncertainty. The conclusions showed that: 1) Both the depth and breadth of IFDI and OFDI inhibited the improvement of industrial LCTFP, IFDI behavior supported the pollution paradise hypothesis, and two-way FDI exerted a complementary effect, effectively suppressing carbon emissions. 2) Environmental policy uncertainty afected the scale and direction of two-way investment decision, yet had a nonlinear and opposite impact on IFDI and OFDI. 3) Environmental policy uncertainty exerted a significant positive moderating effect on the relations between the breadth of IFDI, the depth of OFDI and LCTFP, and a negative moderating effect on the relations between the depth of IFDI, the breadth of OFDI and LCTFP; the reverse green technology spiilover effect of the breadth of OFDI benefited LCTFP. 4) The relationship between two-way FDI and LCTFP was heterogeneous under poUution-intensive industries and relatively clean industries as well as high and low environmental policy uncertainty. The depth of OFDI in poUution intensive industries promoted LCTFP, indicating the occurrence of carbon transfer; the effect of the breadth of IFDI and the behavior of OFDI was significantly reduced under low environmental policy uncertainty. The policy implications of this study include raising the environmental protection threshold of foreign-invested enterprises, strengthening reverse technology spiilover of foreign investment enterprises, and promoting the transition of two-way investment enterprises from 'pollution paradise' to 'pollution halo'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities are a product of the integration of the new urbanization process and information technology development in China, while inclusive green growth is an important strategic concept for economic development transformation. Whether the smart city pilot policy can promote inclusive green growth in China still needs to be tested. Based on panel data from 210 prefecture level and above cities from 2009 to 2020, this study used the multi-period difference-in-differences method to learn the impact of the smart city pilot policy on inclusive green growth in China, followed by a series of robustness tests. In addition, the sub-system path, location heterogeneity, and spatial spillover effects of policy effects were also examined. The results showed that: (J) The construction of smart cities would have a significant positive impact on inclusive green growth, and the policy effects would gradually increase over time. The construction of smart cities had a significant promoting effect on both economic growth and green growth, but the impact on inclusive growth was not significant. © There was significant regional heterogeneity in the impact of smart city construction on inclusive green growth. There was a significant positive impact in the eastern and western regions, a significant negative impact in the northeast region, and an insignificant impact in the central region. © The policy effects of smart city construction had significant spatial spillover characteristics. Smart city construction could significantly promote economic growth and green growth in adjacent non-pilot areas but could only significantly promote economic growth in adjacent pilot areas. Therefore, in the critical period of China's economic transformation and upgrading, in order to enhance the promotion of the pilot policy on inclusive green growth, on the one hand, the construction of smart cities should focus on promoting inclusive growth and formulating reasonable pilot goals according to local conditions based on the resource endowment of each region. On the other hand, it is necessary to promote the exchange of piloting experience and innovation resources among regions and arrange the investment level of innovation resources reasonably to avoid the occurrence of ' depression effect' and ' siphon effect.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental protection tax is an important tool for China to deal with environmental problems when the country' s environmental governance faces severe challenges. China' s current environmental protection tax system is largely an extension of the sewage charging system. There are some problems, such as the need to adjust the tax base, unreasonable tax rates, imperfect preferential policies, and the need to improve the efficiency of tax collection and management. Comprehensively evaluating the impact of environmental protection tax and optimizing the design of the environmental protection tax rate from the perspective of economic, environmental, and innovation synergy is of great value to improving China' s environmental governance system and realizing the transformation of the green economy. This study theoretically analyzed the impact of environmental protection tax on enterprise development; constructed a simulation model to analyze the impact of environmental protection tax; and numerically simulated the comprehensive impact of different environmental protection tax implementation intensity (IEPT) from 2006 to 2019 by using the mixed data of Chinese micro-enterprises and provincial panels and the scenario analysis method to predict the multi-dimensional impact of environmental protection tax in 2030. The results showed that: ① From 2006 to 2019, China' s environmental protection tax rate was at a low level, which was less than the optimal IEPT. The relationship between the optimal IEPT and the synergy index was 'inverted-U' shaped; that is, with the continuous rise of IEPT, the synergy index also showed the trend of rising first and then fluctuating and declining. ② Over time, the optimal IEPT showed an overall upward trend. ③ When the development level and demands of the economy, environment, and innovation became different, the optimal IEPT would also change. Finally, this study puts forward policy suggestions for China' s environmental protection tax reform: ① After fully investigating the operation status and innovation development status of regional inter-industry enterprises, we should consider further refining regional and industrial heterogeneous pricing strategies within the scope of regional environmental carrying capacity. ② A dynamic adjustment mechanism for the tax rate of environmental protection tax should be established to gradually increase the tax rate and give full play to the policy effect of environmental protection tax. ③ The environmental protection tax should be used to establish a special fund for innovation support, to avoid bringing higher environmental costs to innovative enterprises due to the increase in the environmental protection tax rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarcity of resources in the environment determines the inevitable conflict between economic growth and environmental protection, and the environment as a public good determines that environmental protection and ecological management should be included in the scope of government regulation. Taking the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) as the sample, this study first constructed the index system of high-quality economic development with the five major development concepts of 'innovation, coordination, openness, greenness, and sharing' as the guide. Based on the shortcomings of the existing measurement methods in equalizing the weight distribution of indicators, we proposed the combination of the coefficient of variation method with the entropy weight method to measure the comprehensive index of high-quality economic development. Secondly, the random forest algorithm was used to filter the variables based on the importance of model variables. Finally, we empirically investigated the heterogeneity in the impact of environmental regulatory policy synergies on high-quality economic development using penalized panel quantile regressions that fully accounted for the characteristics of data outliers. The results showed that there was significant heterogeneity in the impact of environmental regulation policy synergies on high-quality economic development. Specifically, the result showed that: 1 The combination of Policy 2 and Policy 3 had the best synergy effect in regions with lower levels of high-quality economic development (0.1 quantile), and the synergistic effect of the three policy combinations was optimal in regions with more developed levels of high-quality economic development. 2 Policy synergies had a positive impact on high-quality economic development, with a 'U'-shaped change, i.e. as the degree of policy synergies increased, the level of high-quality economic development tended to fall first and then rise. 3 The output elasticity value of policy synergies did not cross the 'inflection point' in regions with less developed levels of high-quality economic development. This result somewhat inhibited high-quality economic development, supporting the 'cost of compliance' argument. However, the output elasticity values of the better developed regions crossed the 'inflection point'. The findings supported the 'innovation compensation theory'. Therefore, to reduce inter regional differences, cooperation between governments at all levels and relevant departments should be strengthened to continuously promote policy synergies and improve the efficiency of policy combinations, which will not only benefit the ecological environment, but also improve factor productivity and energy efficiency, thus promoting quality inter-regional economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China' s goal of achieving peak carbon emissions by 2030 is the fundamental foundation for its scheduled achievement of carbon neutrality by 2060. Taking 280 prefectural-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019 as the research object and the achievement of the carbon peak goal by 2030 as the rigid constraint, this study proposed the logic of 'symbiosis-co-governance-sharing' and focused on the characteristics of symbiosis on carbon emissions and air pollution. On the basis of the quantitative decomposition of the annual goal of reaching peak carbon emissions and the identification of the profit and loss deviation on both carbon emissions and air pollution, this study examined the co-governance synergistic effects of carbon and air pollution and the sharing paths. The results showed that: (1) The goal of reaching peak carbon emissions played a significant synergistic role in reducing pollution and carbon emissions, which could promote the development of cities from deviation to balance and optimization and promote the urban function of making ' bad to good, good to better, and better to best, (2) The synergistic effects of the carbon peak goal on reducing pollution and carbon emissions showed a significant heterogeneous selection effect. In China' s western cities, resource-based cities, environmental protection key cities, and first-mover cities, these effects played a more important role and had a stronger influence. (3) The sharing paths of the synergistic effects lay in the dual perspectives of 'internal' and 'external' source management-process control-end-of-pipe blocking and the dynamic matching of external environmental policy uncertainty. In the continuous promotion of the ' dual carbon' goals, close attention should be paid to carbon reduction and the optimization of the design of multiple sharing paths to enhance the synergistic effects of carbon and pollution reduction. In specific, we should: (1) strengthen source management, control total fossil energy consumption at the source, adjust industrial structure, and focus on energy saving and consumption reduction; (2) strictly control process management, investigate the pollution transfer phenomenon caused by differences in environmental regulation levels and the consequences of profit and loss deviation, and promote the construction of green transportation system through multi-wheel drive; (3) highlight end-of-pipe blocking, implement the whole process of governance, monitoring, and emission reduction, enhance green innovation and fully utilize carbon reduction and sink increase; (4) use dynamic adjustment to achieve internal and external matching and timely implement environmental policies according to local conditions so as to achieve adjustment and precise regulations on time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As urban agglomerations have become the main spatial organization form in China, it is of great significance to carry out environmental cooperative governance based on urban agglomerations. Research on the interaction of environmental regulation enforcement among cities can provide a new explanation for the competition and cooperation in terms of pollution control in urban agglomerations. This article selected three types of environmental regulation policy tools: market-incentive, command-and-control, and their combinations, and analyzed the interaction pattern of environmental regulations based on the theoretical mechanism derivation and the two zone spatial Durbin model by using the panel data of 103 cities in China. Then, the SLX model was used to explore the impact of the interaction of environmental regulations on the cooperative governance of pollution in five urban agglomerations. The results showed that the market-incentive environmental regulation was not fully implemented, which meant that some cities adopted a 'race to the bottom' strategy in response of the competition with their neighbors. After combining market-incentive environmental regulation with command and-control environmental regulation, the pattern of environmental regulation interaction between cities changed from ' race to the bottom' to 'race to the top'. This interactive characteristic was particularly significant in the Yangtze River Delta and the Chengdu Chongqing urban agglomerations. However, the 'racing to the top' characteristic of these two urban agglomerations had different effects on the intercity environmental cooperation: there was a synergy effect caused by strong spillover effect of environmental regulation implementation in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration rather than in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reuse of recycled water is of great significance for increasing the supply of water resources and alleviating the pollution of the water environment. However, the public's rejection of recycled water has negative influences on the promotion of recycled water reuse. In order to solve this problem, this study took the behavior guiding policy of recycled water reuse as the research object. The related self-construction index, which measures the interaction between individuals and groups, was selected as the design basis of different individual interaction rules. On this basis, the agent-based model (ABM) was constructed to simulate the effect of different policies. Firstly, a questionnaire survey was carried out in the arid area of Northwest China, and the artificial neural network model of individual decision-making was trained on the basis of the first-hand data obtained. By embedding the neural network model into the ABM model, the individuals' decision-making in the simulation process was realized. The results showed that: (1) The demonstration guiding policy had a good effect on all kinds of recycled water reuse behaviors. (2) At the same time, the effect of environmental motivation stimulating policy and knowledge popularization policy could be enhanced or weakened with the increase of human contact degree of recycled water reuse behavior. The environmental motivation stimulating policy had a substantial impact on the recycled water reuses with a high contact degree. (3) The knowledge popularization policy had a good effect on the reuse behavior of recycled water with low human contact, but it even harmed the reuse behavior of recycled water with high contact. According to the research conclusion, the following policy recommendations are put forward: When a promotion policy of recycled water reuse is made, attention should be paid to distinguishing different types of recycled water reuse behavior and appropriate guiding policies should be chosen. As the demonstration guiding policy has an excellent guiding effect on all types of recycled water reuse behaviors, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of the demonstration project of recycled water reuse. For the category of recycled water reuse with high human contact, attention should be paid to the publicity of its environmental protection attribute to stimulate the publi's motivation for environmental protection. As for the category of recycled water with a low human contact degree, attention should be paid to the dispelling of the public's misgivings by strengthening the popularization of relevant knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural environmental issues are receiving more and more attention from all walks of life, and rural environmental governance is vital to rural rejuvenation. Based on the consideration of heterogeneity and the theory of institutional economics to build a decisionmaking framework for farmers' environmental behaviors under the pressure of environmental policy regulation, this paper analyzed the logical mechanism of environmental policy and farmers' environmental behaviors from the perspective of games. And the micro-survey data of farmers in Hubei, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces were used to empirically test the relationship between environmental policies and farmers' environmental behaviors. The research results showed that environmental policies could promote rural households to participate in rural environmental governance, but the positive impact of environmental policies would only gradually emerge when the household income reached a certain level, and there was an inverted U-shaped relationship between the intensity of environmental policies and farmers' environmental behaviors. Relatively speaking, the restrictive effect of environmental administrative policies on farmers 'environmental behaviors was stronger than the incentive effect of environmental economic policies on farmers 'environmental behaviors. For farmers in areas with higher levels of economic development - it was better to use environmental administrative policies to restrain farmers 'environmental behaviors than to use economic policies to encourage farmers. For different types of farmers, environmental policies played a better role more able in encouraging large-scale households to participate in rural environmental governance. Small-scale farmers would significantly weaken the impact of environmental policies on farmers' environmental behaviors. In addition, environmental administrative policies and environmental economic policies played a mutually regulating role, i, e., environmental economic policies could help strengthen the restraining effect of environmental administrative policies - and the implementation of environmental administrative policies was also conducive to strengthening the incentive effect of environmental economic policies. Based on this, it is necessary to relax the environmental administrative control on small-scale farmers and lowincome farmers. It is also necessary to strengthen the restrictive effect of environmental administrative policies on large-scale households and high-income groups. Related supporting measures should be further improved to make up for the shortcomings of a single policy - and a virtuous circle should be formed for the mutual promotion of administrative and economic policies in order to improve the effectiveness of rural environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The energy-consuming right trading system is a market-oriented environmental regulation policy based on source control in China, the implementation of which aims to help the realization of the goal of controlling total energy consumption and energy intensity and to promote green development. Based on the panel data of prefecture-level cities from 2012 to 2019, this article theoretically analyzed the mechanism of the action of the energy-consuming right trading system; applied the multi-period PSM-DID method to empirically test whether the energy-consuming right trading system had achieved win-win development for both the environment and the economy; and tested the robustness of the findings by replacing variable settings, adding control variables, and applying placebo tests. In addition, the short-term and long-term impact paths of the environmental and economic effects of the energy-consuming right trading system are theoretically analyzed and empirically tested respectively. The findings were as follows: (1) The implementation of the energy-consuming right trading system effectively reduced the total emission and emission intensity of energy pollutants and realized positive benefit for the environment. Besides, the reduction in emission intensity was more significant. (2) The energy-consuming right trading system not only increased the quantity of economic development, but also pulled up the economic growth rate, thus realizing a positive benefit to the economy. (3) The results of the dynamic effect analysis showed that the energy-consuming right trading system did not have a persistent effect on the total amount and intensity of pollution emissions. But it had a more significant and persistent effect on the rate and level of economic development. (4) Since the energy-consuming right trading system was in the early pilot stage, it mainly achieved environmental and economic dividends through the short-term path of improving energy efficiency and not the long-term path of industrial structure upgrading or energy structure adjustment. Based on this, we should further build and improve the energy-consuming right trading market and improve the design of the system to ensure standardization, convenience, and transparency during the operation and enhance the degree of marketization. It is also of great importance to accelerate the development of new energy, new technologies, and new industries to promote green transformation and decarbonization in the energy industry. Furthermore, we should build a comprehensive and coordinated environmental policy system by promoting the coordinated implementation of the energy-consuming right trading system with other environmental regulation policies based on emission control, realizing the benefits of ' 1 + 1 >2.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green credit policies are effective tools to promote green and low-carbon transitions, but green credit limits the commercial bank credit lines of high-polluting industries, which are an important part of the local industrial economy. Therefore, green credit poli⁃ cies will cause local governments to resort to industrial trade-offs between economic development and environmental policy require⁃ ments in the implementation of environmental regulations, which could influence the development of green credit. Under the back⁃ ground of the implementation of green credit policies, this article firstly used the evolutionary game model to analyze the impact of local government environmental regulation intensity on the development of green credit by analyzing the game between local governments and highly polluting enterprises. Secondly, based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2007 to 2019, this article empirically examined the impact of environmental regulation intensity on the development of green credit. Finally, the influencing mechanisms and regional heterogeneity were discussed. The results showed that: ① There was a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between local government environmental regulation and green credit development. Among them, public supervision had a certain moderating effect. ② Corporate environmental information disclosure, financing constraints, government subsidies, and tax levels were the main influencing mechanisms. ③ Further heterogeneity test results showed that environmental regulation could not effectively improve the development of green credit when the region was dominated by energy-intensive industries, and the impact of environmental regulation on the development of green credit was more significant in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. The results also showed that in order to further promote the development of green credit, the intensity of local government environmental regulation should be appropriately strengthened and the leading role of government-oriented policies in green finance should be further enhanced. It is suggest⁃ ed that we should improve public environmental awareness and promote the positive moderating effect of public supervision on environ⁃ mental regulation in the process of green credit; enhance corporate social responsibility awareness; strengthen corporate environmental information disclosure; increase the degree of financing constraints of financial institutions on high-polluting enterprises; and accelerate the green transformation and upgrading of high-polluting enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of achieving the 'dual carbon' goals of peaking carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, meeting emission reduction targets while ensuring stable economic growth is the economic development model China is seeking now. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of environmental regulation in China's economic growth, especially on technological progress, will help to analyze the mechanism of environmental policy on sustainable economic development. In this article, we used the SBM model to measure the green total factor productivity in the subdivided industries of the manufacturing industry in China from 2003 to 2018, and decomposed technological progress to examine the factor preference characteristics of biased technological progress, and finally used a panel regression model to empirically test the mechanism of environmental regulations on green total factor productivity and technological progress and their decomposition terms. The results showed that: 1 Green total factor productivity in China's manufacturing industry was generally increasing year by year, and technological progress was the main source of its growth. Environmental regulation showed an inverted U shaped relationship with green total factor productivity and technological progress, and the intensity of regulation was currently on the left side of the inflection point, and the increase in environmental regulation intensity helped to promote the growth of green total factor productivity and technological progress in China's manufacturing industry. 2 From the internal influence mechanism of technological progress, the results of biased technological progress factor preferences showed that the characteristics of input-biased technological progress factor preferences changed with the stage of economic development, and output-biased technological progress was more biased toward CO2 output, but it showed an improving trend year by year. The effects of environmental regulations on input-biased technological progress, output-biased technological progress, and scale technological progress were all significant, and the increase in the intensity of environmental regulations helped to enhance input-biased technological progress and reduce output-biased technological progress so as to save the input of production factors and reduce CO2 output. 3 The degree of opening to the outside world, capital intensity, and government subsidies all had positive effects on green total factor productivity and technological progress, and strengthening these factors could help to improve the economic development of the manufacturing industry. The study found that current technological progress had a certain 'carbon lock-in' effect on carbon emissions, and environmental regulations were not effective in reducing coal use. By measuring the current situation of China's manufacturing economy and the effect of environmental regulations, this study provides theoretical support for promoting China's green and high-quality economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling carbon tax revenue is a significant part of the design of a nation's carbon tax system. The impact of different recycling principles on the socio-economy and carbon emission reduction varies greatly. Under the background of China's goal of reaching peak carbon emissions, this paper designed three carbon tax recycling principles based on the goal of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), including recycling principles based on output ratio, export ratio, and carbon intensity. A recursively dynamic CGE model was developed in this study to evaluate the economic effects of these three carbon tax recycling principles based on tax neutrality under China's goal of reaching peak carbon emissions. Carbon tax recycling measures could mitigate the economic losses caused by carbon tax, and the results could be greatly affected according to different recycling principles. The results showed that: 1 The recycling principle based on output ratio could reduce economic losses and improve households' social welfare. 2 China's carbon intensity in 2030 could be reduced by more than 65% compared with that in 2005, and the proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption could reach 25% using the recycling principle based on carbon intensity, but the economic loss mitigation effect of the recycling measures based on this principle was small. 3 Adopting the recycling principle based on export ratio would narrow the competitive gap between China and foreign countries, and the exports of high-carbon-intensity goods would not increase under this principle. 4 According to principles based on output ratio and export ratio, the NDC goal of non-fossil energy accounting for about 25% of primary energy consumption by 2030 could not be achieved, and only the NDC goal of reducing carbon emissions per unit of GDP by more than 65% compared with that of 2005 could be achieved. In brief, as an essential policy tool to achieve China's goal of reaching peak carbon emissions, the carbon tax should be implemented as soon as possible. At the same time, according to China's national conditions, a targeted choice of carbon tax recycling principle is needed. The role of the carbon tax in the process of achieving the goal of Nationally Determined Contributions should be fully utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green innovation is the key to achieving a win-win situation between economic growth and environmental pollution control. Informal environmental regulation, represented by ENGOs, is playing an increasingly important role. This article used the 'Pollution Information Transparency Index' (PITI) of 113 cities in 2008, jointly published by two ENGOs (IPE and NRDC), as a quasi-natural experiment, and evaluated the 'net effect' of green innovation of informal environmental regulation by the identification methods of DID and DID-PSM. The main research conclusions were as follows: (1) Informal environmental regulation did induce urban green innovation. After passing a series of parallel trend tests, DID-PSM regression tests and placebo tests, the results were still robust. (2) From the perspective of regional heterogeneity, it was concluded that more attention was paid to informal environmental regulation in the eastern and western regions, which responded more positively to the release of PITI, while the central region received less impact. From the perspective of time trend, the green innovation effect induced by informal environmental regulation was the strongest in the first year of policy implementation, and then showed a trend of weakening year by year. (3) The green innovation effect of informal environmental regulation was more obvious in cities with higher level of government environmental information disclosure. In addition, the information diffusion level of cities also affected the green innovation effect to a certain extent. In comparison with the level of urban information diffusion, the green innovation effect of informal environmental regulation was more significantly affected by the level of environmental information disclosure. (4) After eliminating a series of other environmental policy shocks that were likely to affect urban green innovation activities, such as carbon emissions trading pilots in the same period, carbon emissions trading pilots in five provinces and eight cities, and sulfur dioxide emissions trading pilots, the green innovation of informal environmental regulation still existed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating the low-carbon transformation of the energy consumption structure is an important way to realize Chinese-style green modernization and development. Given the specificity of China's resource endowment and regional differences in energy distribution, the degree of reliance on coal varies greatly from region to region. Therefore, the differential impact of this dependence on the low-carbon transformation of the energy structure deserves high attention. To systematically assess the impact of environmental target constraints on the low-carbon transformation of the energy consumption structure in coal resource-dependent regions, this study was conducted on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the intrinsic influence of environmental target constraints on the regional energy consumption structure as well as the regulating mechanisms played by economic growth pressures and green finance. Taking the environmental target constraint system with Chinese characteristics as a quasi-natural experiment and the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2020 as a sample, the study used a generalized difference-in-differences model to empirically test the impact of environmental target constraints on the low-carbon transition of the regional energy consumption structure, and discussed the moderating roles of the pressure of economic growth and green finance on this impact. The results showed that: (J) After the implementation of the environmental target constraint system, the energy consumption structure of coal resource-dependent regions deteriorated significantly compared with that of non-coal resource-dependent regions, which supported the existence of the ' green paradox' phenomenon. This conclusion remained robust after considering the impact of related policies and the use of synthetic instrumental variables to deal with the endogeneity problem. © The test of the impact mechanisms showed that in coal resource-dependent areas, local governments were more motivated to promote the low-carbon transformation of the energy consumption structure under the pressure of the ' dual targets' of environmental target constraints and the economic growth target. Affected by the level of financial regulation and the ' green-washing' behavior of enterprises, green finance exacerbated the dilemmas of energy transformation in coal resource-dependent areas. © An expansive analysis based on the regional market environment showed that the inhibitory effect of environmental target constraints on the low-carbon transition of the energy consumption structure was more prominent in regions with low marketization levels than in those with high marketization levels. The study suggests attaching great importance to the structural adjustment of energy consumption in coal resource-dependent regions and promoting the low-carbon transformation of the energy structure in an orderly manner according to local conditions. Meanwhile, the study also highlights the importance of taking ' green' as a defining feature of local economic growth and leading local economic growth with the green development concept. In addition, a scientific and efficient green financial regulatory system should be built to ensure that green financial funds are truly used for green and low-carbon projects. It is also necessary to improve the market-based environmental regulatory mechanism to create a favorable business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New pollutants have three major characteristics: 'high biotoxicity,' ' environmental persistence,' and ' bioaccumulation,' and they tend to cause ' cumulative environmental health risks,' ' diffuse ecological environmental risks,' and ' sudden environmental and social risks.' In the face of these compounded risks and challenges, traditional environmental regulation is confronted with multiple dilemmas: First, the current environmental regulatory system may fail to address the proactive preventive demands of new pollutants on environmental health risks. Second, conventional environmental regulatory frameworks struggle to cope with the collaborative governance requirements of new pollutant-induced environmental risks. Third, the traditional environmental regulatory model tends to be inadequate in meeting the urgent response and control demands of new pollutant-induced social risks. To cope with the challenge of these overlapping risks, this study proposes the following environmental management optimization strategies that meet the requirements of new pollutant control in response to the difficulties in traditional ecological environmental management: updating the existing ecological environmental management system to address the health risks posed by new pollutants, filling the gaps in ecological environmental management by focusing on the ecological environmental risks of new pollutants, and resolving the failure of ecological environmental management in response to the social risks posed by new pollutants. In the face of the risks posed by new pollutant control, the tasks of ecological environmental management transformation should include the following three aspects: First, establishing the goal of ' active prevention ' of risks to update the ecological environmental management system; second, strengthening the ecological environmental management chain with a comprehensive and dynamic risk coordination and control approach; and third, improving the ecological environmental management model by constructing an elastic governance mechanism for environmental and social risks. According to the above ideas, the optimization of environmental management for new pollutant risk control should also involve the need to explore institutional improvements in terms of legislative goals, regulatory scope, and normative systems. The specific regulatory content should include establishing the principle of ' active prevention' of risks in general environmental laws and its applicable rules, adopting a typology of rules for comprehensive risk coordination and control of new pollutant risks based on the concept of ' lifecycle governance,' and constructing an elastic governance system for environmental and social risks posed by new pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, local governments have caused controversy for their failure in environmental governance. In this regard, the academic community has made theoretical explanations from various perspectives such as fiscal federalism, local government corporatization, decentralization and authoritarianism, and political promotion championships. However, these theories are limited by the 'political market imagination' of the state; they fail to fully and accurately understand the environmental governance behaviors of local governments, and also fail to give a satisfactory answer to the coexistence of selective implementation and innovative governance of local governments. Based on the analysis framework of 'value concept-system structure-behavior choice', this paper explains the dual action logic of legitimacy pursuit and profit-seeking tendency of local governments' environmental governance from three aspects; the construction of ecological state strategy under the pursuit of legitimacy, the conflict of local governments' attribute under super large governance and the balance of local governments' decision-making under the distribution of attention. It is found that under the background of the central governments' continuous strengthening of ecological civilization construction and the growing public environmental demand, local governments will respond to the environmental policy of the central government and the public's environmental demand in an open area for the sake of legitimacy, but under the influence of profit-seeking tendency, local governments will try their best to promote their own interests, and at an implicit level, they will take strategic operations, such as textual-style environmental governance, deformed-style environmental governance, campaign-style environmental governance, and prototype-style environmental governance, to resolve the internal conflicts and tensions between the legitimacy pursuit and the profit-seeking tendency. In the face of the strategic operations of local government environmental governance, it is necessary to further promote the compilation of environmental codes and the environmental rights into the Constitution, cultivate the 'people-centered' sense of responsibility and the moral emotion of treating nature well, scientifically divide the administrative power among different levels of government and design a scientific performance evaluation mechanism, as well as strengthening the motivation of local governments in the pursuit of legitimacy by strengthening environmental supervision and natural resources assets accountability, so as to encourage local governments to fulfill the responsibility of environmental governance with sound environmental law enforcement, healthy environmental morality and reasonable allocation of financial relationship between resources and responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limiting pollutant emissions and improving the environment quality to build a green and modern country has been a long-term goal of China's sustainable development. The environmental regulation intensity will also be strengthened as time goes. Comprehensively evaluating the effects of the improvement of environmental regulation intensity on FDI will provide a reference for the formulation of future policies. As there are differences between the effects of 'pollution total control' and 'pollution equivalent control', this paper took the data of Chinese cities of 1995-2017 as a sample, used the quasi natural experiment of the adjustment policy of SO2 sewage charge collection standard, and adopted the DID, PSM and nonlinear estimation methods to explore the effects of 'pollution equivalent control' environmental regulation represented by this policy on FDI location choice. Result of this study showed that the adjustment policy of SO2 sewage charge collection standard implemented in all provinces since 2007 had obvious inhibitory effects for the entry of FDI in regions, and the conclusion passed a robustness test. It demonstrated that the effects of China's environmental regulation intensity on FDI were mainly 'pollution havens effects'. According to a regional heterogeneity analysis, the inhibitory effects of this policy on northern cities are stronger than those on southern cities. In addition, the result of nonlinear estimation suggested that during the implementation of the policy and with the strengthening of SO2 sewage charge collection, the impact of the adjustment policy of SO2 sewage charge collection standard on FDI demonstrated a U shape, indicating that the impact of China's environmental regulation intensity on FDI had multiple effects and influence channels. To explore it, this study used China Industrial Business Performance Data of 1998 -2012, and carried out a mechanism analysis with the DDD and other methods. The study showed that this policy had inhibitory effects on FDI of SO2 high-polluting industries, and had promotion effects on FDI of high-tech industries. It also had inhibitory effects on FDI of non-SO2 high-polluting and non-high-tech industries, but the effects were less significant than those on FDI of SO2 high-polluting industries. Given the above views, 'pollution havens effects' and 'pollution halo effects' can both work in China, but there are differences among their applicable objects. These findings will provide some references for China's environmental policy formulation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The differentiated regional environmental tax policies have provided a space for polluting enterprises to avoid environmental costs through regional transfer, bringing spillover effects from pollution and green innovation. These spillover effects have increased the difficulty of environmental taxes in stimulating green innovation. Moreover, the intensity of local governments' environmental regulations can also affect the effects. Ignoring governments' regulations may lead to inappropriate inferences about the relationship between pollution reduction policies and technological innovation. Using inter-provincial panel data from 2005 to 2019, this article developed a theoretical framework for the analysis of government environmental regulation, environmental taxes, and regional green innovation, employed a spatial panel Durbin model to empirically analyze the spatial spillover effects of environmental taxes on green innova -tion and the interaction of environmental supervision, and further examined the transmission mechanism of the impact of environmental taxes on green innovation in neighboring areas. The results showed that the local-neighborhood green innovation effects of environmental taxes had an inverted U-shape. Government environmental regulation could improve the innovative compensation effect of environmental taxes and reduce the capture probability of environmental regulation, which would strengthen the impact of environmental taxes on green innovation. The green innovation effect of environmental taxes had obvious regional heterogeneity. The above effect characteristics were only applicable to China' s eastern region. In the neighborhood effect, government environmental regulation was only significant in the central region and significantly enhanced the impact of environmental taxes on green innovation. The trans-regional flows of human capital and polluting industries were important factors contributing to the spatial characteristics of the local -neighborhood green innovation effect of environmental taxes. High-intensity environmental tax areas led to the outflow of human capital and the return of polluting industries by a two-way effect in neighboring areas and promoted green innovation in the short term. However, in the long run, the agglomeration of polluting industries, the loss of high-quality talents, and the continuous deterioration of the environment would ultimately inhibit the green innovation of neighboring areas. To enhance the effect of environmental tax policies, local governments should prudently formulate environmental tax rates, improve the environmental supervision system, further optimize the talent development mechanism, and improve the regional industry collaborative management mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Population Resources & Environment is the property of Shandong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Environmental governance has become an important part of China's national governance system, and public evaluation of the effects of environmental governance is essential to the theory and improvement of environmental governance. In the context of Public Private Partnership (PPP) reform, both government and enterprises are service providing subjects. Who can be trusted more? And who can improve the public evaluation of environmental governance? These questions have not been answered in the existing research. This research conducted a survey experiment and took the sanitation reform of City H as an example to explore the influence of different governance subjects on environmental governance evaluation, and verified the mediated effect based on the KHB method. The results showed that, first of all, the respondents who received the intervention of enterprise governance text had a higher environmental governance evaluation, rating 0.110 5 higher than the government. Secondly, public trust in enterprises had a mediated effect, with 25.48% contributed from the effect between governance subjects and environmental governance evaluation. Thirdly, the perception of environmental performance also played a mediated role with 17.98% of its effects. Finally, media use also had a positive mediated effect. This article suggests that PPP reform should give more priorities to enterprises. The government should strengthen its involvement in financing, bidding, operation and regulation. It also needs to improve information transparency and media publicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]