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Background and objective Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy is a tool that can accurately navigation peripheral lung lesions. Because of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is too expensive, it has not been widely used in China. It is urgent for us to summarize experience in clinical application, especially in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules. Methods The clinical data of patients with pulmonary peripheral lesions (PPLs) in our department undergoing ENB biopsy between July 2017 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Results There were 18 patients with 21 PPLs (10 males and 8 females). Among them, 11 patients got the final pathological diagnosis, 8 cases were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma lung cancer, 1 case was diagnosed with tuberculosis and 2 cases were diagnosed with small cell lung cancer. The positive rate of diagnosis was 61.1%. The sensitivity was 73.3%. The positive diagnosis rate is related to the size of the lesion, the positive diagnosis rate for lesions >2 cm is 100.0% (P=0.04). Conclusion Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscope is safe and effective in clinic. It has a high positive rate for the diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions larger than 2 cm, ENB has broad clinical application prospects.

Pterostilbene (3,5-dimethoxy-4’-hydroxystilbene) is a polyphenolic compound primarily found in blueberries, grapes, and a tree wood, pterocarpus marsupium. Studies demonstrate that pterostilbene inhibits a variety of cancers, such as lung, breast, stomach, colon, etc. The anti-cancer activities are related to the regulation of several hallmarks of cancer. Moreover, pterostilbene exhibits much greater bioavailability and bioactivity than resveratrol which warrants further investigation in the anti-cancer functions and mechanisms.

Chest wall defect may be caused by many factors such as the resection of tumor and trauma, and the reconstruction of bone-defection is still the key point of thoracic surgery. With the development of material science, more and more new materials have been used in medical practice, which makes huge progress in the surgery of chest wall. However, none of these materials satisfy all the practical needs of the reconstruction. Recently, with the development of the capacity of computer, 3D-printing technology has been gradually used in clinical work, and the idea of individual treatment has been accepted by more and more people. The weakness of these materials may be solved by the new material and the application of individual treatment, which could also make great advance in chest wall surgery. This article will make a summary of the research on the reconstruction of chest wall.

Today, with the rapid development of network information technology, the micro-lecture plays a role in the teaching activities is becoming more and more important. The short and efficient teaching content of micro-lecture can be downloaded rapidly, expediently, and repeatedly, which improve the learning efficiency and independent learning capability. The clinical training of thoracic surgery elementarily remains at the scrabble stage. We require continuous reform and introduce new modes of teaching, which compatible with the development of society and the study habits of novice, to enhance the effectiveness of clinical training. In this paper, the concept, characteristic and advantage of micro-lecture was discussed, and the feasibility of application of micro-lecture in thoracic surgery teaching was also discussed. Our aim was to promote the application of micro-lecture in the clinical training of thoracic surgery reasonable and extensive.

Background and objective In recent years, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been increasingly utilized as a non-surgical treatment option for patients with primary and metastatic lung tumors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and therapeutic effects of RFA among patients with pulmonary neoplasms. Methods Patients with lung tumors treated with RFA from October 1999 to July 2006 in this hospital were enrolled into the study. A total of 329 cases, 237 primary lung tumors and 92 metastatic tumors, were retrospectively analyzed and evaluated for complications, local progression, and overall survival after one, two, and five years after RFA. Results The complications of RFA with surgery included 63 (19.1%) patients with pneumothorax, 14 (4.2%) with hemoptysis (one death), 10 (3.0%) with hemothorax, 15 (4.5%) with pneumonia, and three (0.9%) with pericardial tamponade (one death). The mortality within 30 days was 0.6%. Needle tract tumors were observed in 6 patients (1.8%). The median time for progression was 21.6 months. The overall survival rates at one, two, and five years after RFA were 68.2%, 35.3% and 20.1%, respectively. Up to 78 (23.7%) patients with tumors that exceed 4 cm developed local progression, and a significant difference was found. No significant difference was found among patients with tumors less than 3 cm and among those with 3 cm-4 cm tumors. Conclusion RFA is a well-tolerated, reliable, and safe method for the treatment of lung malignancies.

Background and objective The expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is correlated with Ras homologue C (RhoC) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), suggesting that they have interactions. The aim of this study is to investigate the functions of PRL-3 and RhoC in the migration of A549 cell and the potential mechanism of PRL-3 and RhoC in carcinogenesis and cancer development. Methods PRL-3Ab and RhoCAb were used to block the functions of PRL-3 and RhoC respectively. Wound healing assay was applied to detect the migration of A549 cell and the expression levels of PRL-3 and RhoC were detected by RT-PCR. Results The migration of A549 cell decreased after blockage of PRL-3 and RhoC. The expression of RhoC decreased when PRL-3 was blocked without any changes on the expression of PRL-3. Conclusion PRL-3, RhoC could increase cell migration in A549 cells.

Background and objective Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is a newly identified proteintyrosine phosphatase, which belongs to phosphatase of regenerating liver family, and plays a role in promoting tumor metastasis; Ras homologue C (RhoC) belongs to Rho subfamily of small-molecule G protein superfamily. However, the mechanisms of PRL-3 and RhoC are unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the expressions of PRL-3 and RhoC proteins and their correlation to invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which may provide experiment evidence of the mechanism of PRL-3 in tumorigenesis and tumor-development. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of PRL-3 and RhoC in NSCLC in 92 cases, and statistical methods were used to analyse statistical significances of their expressions in different groups and their correlation. Results The positive rates of PRL-3 and RhoC expressions in NSCLC were 69.6% (64/92) and 73.9% (68/92), respectively, and the expressions of PRL-3 and RhoC were closely correlated with TNM stage and lymphatic metastasis and pleural metastasis (P

Background and objective As a barrier to metastases, cells normally undergo apoptosis after they lose contact with their extra cellular matrix (ECM). This process has been termed “anoikis”. Tumour cells that acquire malignant potential have developed mechanisms to resist anoikis and thereby survive after detachment from their primary site while traveling through the lymphatic and circulatory systems. This “anoikis resistance” is considered the first step to tumor metastases. The aim of this study was to screen metastasis-associated genes from anoikis resistant and adherent growth A549 lung cancer cell by Human Genome Array. Methods Establish anoikis resistant A549 lung cancer cell lines by using poly-hydroxyethyl methacrylate resin processed petri dishes, which causes cell free from adherent. The different expressed gene between anoikis resistant A549 cell and adherent growth A549 cell was tested using human V2.0 whole-genome oligonucleotide microarray, a product of Capitalbio Corporation, Beijing. Screen metastasis-associated genes. Results 745 different expressed genes were screened, including 63 highly metastasis-associated genes. Conclusion The successfully established anoikis resistant A549 cell lines and screened different expressed genes provide us basis for further research on metastasis of lung cancer.

Background and objective NOK (Novel Oncogene with Kinase-domain) is a newly identified receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) subfamily, which possesses strong oncogenic potential including enhancing cell transformation, tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis. However, NOK protein lacks extracellular domain, and how the NOK is activated by the membrane receptor and the expression of NOK in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are not clear. Our aim of this study was to investigate the expressions of NOK, EGFR proteins in NSCLC. Methods The expression rates of NOK, EGFR proteins in 155 cases with NSCLC was deteced by immunohistochemical stain; The clinical correlations between two proteins were analyzed by statistics. Results The NOK positive expression was mainly located in cytoplasm and EGFR was mainly located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. NOK, EGFR proteins were high expressed in NSCLC and there were extremely differences comparing the expression of NOK, EGFR proteins in squamous cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma with those in corresponding normal tissue respectively (P < 0.001); and there were no significant differences between the two kinds of the cancers for their comparison of NOK, EGFR expression (P=0.099; P=0.23); however, there were significant differences for NOK and EGFR expression among histological grades and TNM stages in squamous cell lung cancers, lung adenocarcinoma (P < 0.01). There were correlation between positive and intensity of NOK and EGFR expression in whatever total NSCLC or squamous cell lung cancer or lung adenocarcinoma (P < 0.001), while the correlation coefficients(rs) were 0742, 0.722, 0.756 respectively. Conclusion The NOK proteins are highly expressed in the NSCLC, and the expression rates of NOK proteins are correlated with the cancers’ histological grades and TNM stages, which may be concern with tumorgenesis and progression; the positive expression rate and intensity of NOK protein correlate well with the expression of EGFR protein in NSCLC, which the activation of NOK probably owe to EGFR activation, all that would provide evidence for further study on the effective mechanism of NOK in the tumorigenesis or tumor progression.

Background and objective Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the main reason of the failure of chemotherapy in lung cancer. The MDR mechanism in lung cancer is complex, which relates to sorts of drug resistant genes. ABCC10 is a recently identified member of a subset of the C family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. The drug resistance capability of ABCC10 has been partly determined. The aim of the study is to investigate the expression of ABCC10 in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and normal tissues, and analyze the relationship between ABCC10 expression level and clinical features, such as TNM stages, histological types and pathological grades. Methods The expression of ABCC10 was detected in squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and normal lung tissues by immunohistochemistry. Then the statistical analysis was performed. Results The expression of ABCC10 was mainly located in cell membrane and cytoplasm. There were significant differences between the expression of ABCC10 in NSCLC and normal tissues (P

Background and objective It has been proven that the multiple drug resistance is main reason for failure of chemotherapy in lung cancers and ABC transporter play a main role for chemoresistance in mediating drug efflux. So searching for new drug resistant protein of the ABC family and elucidating its resistant mechanism is very important. ABCG4 is one of ABC family and is expected to be candidate drug resistant protein; and the drug resistance probably correlated with pH value around cancer cell, while, V-ATPase play key role in modulating the pH. So our aim is to investigate the expressions of ABCG4, V-ATPase proteins in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and analyze relationship of ABCG4, V-ATPase protein expressional rate in these cancers with the cancers' pathological grade and TNM stages. Methods To detect the expression rates of ABCG4, V-ATPase protein in NSCLC with immunohistochemical method and immuno- fluorescent method, and to observe the location, the collocation of the proteins under light microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope; the differences of the protein expression and their correlations wereanalyzed by statistics. Results ABCG4 protein was high expressed in squamous cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma respectively, and between the two kinds of the cancers there was a significant difference (P =0.001) for their comparison;there were significant differences between pathological grade ⅡandⅡ-Ⅲ of squamous cell lung cancer, between different differentiated lung adenocarcinoma. V-ATPase protein were also high expressed in these two kinds of cancers, and there was significant difference for their comparison; there were significant differences between pathological grade ⅡandⅡ-Ⅲ of squamous cell lung cancer, between different differentiated lung adenocarcinoma; there were no significantdifferences among the squamous cell lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma for TNM stages respectively. The P values of correlationship test of positive intensity between ABCG4 and V-ATPase expression in the total squamous cell lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma, in the pathological grade Ⅱand Ⅱ-Ⅲ of the squamous cell lung cancer, in the moderately differentiated lung adenocarcinoma were all 0.000, while the correlation coefficients were 0.771, 0.765, 0.714, 0.777, 0.865 respectively; however, the P values of correlationship test of between ABCG4 and V-ATPase expression in the low differentiated lung adenocarcinoma was 0.048, and the correlation coefficient was 0.35. The ABCG4 and V-ATPase positive expression was mainly located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, and there was collocation among the ABCG4 and V-ATPase proteins. Conclusion The ABCG4 and V-ATPase proteins are highly expressed in the NSCLC,and the expression rates of ABCG4, V-ATPase proteins are correlated with the cancers' pathological grades and TNM stage; and there are all having correlationship between ABCG4 and V-ATPase proteins in the squamous cell lung cancer,in the lung adenocarcinoma, in all their pathological grades.