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The Ablowitz–Ladik equation is a very important model in nonlinear mathematical physics. In this paper, the hyperbolic function solitary wave solutions, the trigonometric function periodic wave solutions, and the rational wave solutions with more arbitrary parameters of two-dimensional Ablowitz–Ladik equation are derived by using the (G′/G)-expansion method, and the effects of the parameters (including the coupling constant and other parameters) on the linear stability of the exact solutions are analysed and numerically simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-aligned and uniform Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanofibers (NFs) are prepared by electrospinning via sol—gel and subsequent heat treatment. Each of the as-spun NFs has a diameter of about 300 nm and a smooth surface morphology. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image shows that the diameter decreases to 70 nm after the Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 NF has been annealed at 650 °C for 3 h. The structure and chemical of Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 NF are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Single phase cubic spinel structure, Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 NF, is successfully obtained after having been calcined at 550 °C in air for 3 h, and a reduced lattice constant of the Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 NF provides the evidence of effective Zn2+ substitution. The magnetic measurements show that the substitution of Zn2+ for Co2+, i.e., the introduction of non-magnetic Zn2+ ions into A sites, can increase the saturation magnetization (Ms) and reduce the coercivity (Hc). The obtained Hc results of different samples reveal that the critical single-domain size of the Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 NF is approximately 44 nm. By doping Zn2+ with different concentrations, the morphologies of Co1−xZnxFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) NFs do not show obvious changes. For magnetic properties, the Ms increases and Hc decreases monotonically, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically propose a multifunctional photonic differentiation (DIFF) scheme based on phase demodulation using two cascaded linear filters. The photonic DIFF has a diversity of output forms, such as the 1st order intensity DIFF, the 1st order field DIFF and its inversion, and the 2nd-order field DIFF, depending on the relative shift between the optical carrier and the filter's resonant notches. As a proof, we also experimentally demonstrate the DIFF diversity using a phase modulator and two delay interferometers (DIs). The calculated average deviation is less than 7% for all DIFF waveforms. Our schemes show the advantages of flexible DIFF functions and forms, which may have different optical applications. For example, high order field differentiators can be used to generate complex temporal waveforms, and intensity differentiators are useful for the ultra-wideband pulse generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a new way to obtain the Q — P (P — Q) ordering of quantum mechanical operators, i.e., from the classical correspondence of Q — P (P — Q) ordered operators by replacing q and p with coordinate and momentum operators, respectively. Some operator identities are derived concisely. As for its applications, the single (two-) mode squeezed operators and Fresnel operator are examined. It is shown that the classical correspondence of Fresnel operator's Q — P (P — Q) ordering is just the integration kernel of Fresnel transformation. In addition, a new photo-counting formula is constructed by the Q — P ordering of operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, elastic, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of ZrxNb1−xC alloys are investigated using the first principles method based on the density functional theory. The results show that the structural properties of ZrxNb1−xC alloys vary continuously with the increase of Zr composition. The alloy possesses both the highest shear modulus (215 GPa) and a higher bulk modulus (294 GPa), with a Zr composition of 0.21. Meanwhile, the Zr0.21 Nb0.79C alloy shows metallic conductivity based on the analysis of the density of states. In addition, the thermodynamic stability of the designed alloys is estimated using the calculated enthalpy of mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the resistive switching characteristics of a Cu/VOx/W structure. The VOx film is deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on the Cu electrode as a dielectric layer. The prepared VOx sample structure shows reproducible bipolar resistive switching characteristics with ultra-low switching voltage and good cycling endurance. A modified physical model is proposed to elucidate the typical switching behavior of the vanadium oxide-based resistive switching memory with a sudden resistance transition, and the self-saturation of reset current as a function of compliance current is observed in the test, which is attributed to the growth pattern of the conducting filaments. Additionally, the related conducting mechanism is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the microscopic nonlocal optical response theory, the resonant radiation force exerted on a semiconductor-coupled quantum well nanostructure (CQWN), induced by the nonlocal interaction between lasers and electrons in conduction bands, is investigated for two different polarized states. The numerical results show that the spatial nonlocality of optical response can cause a radiation shift (blue-shift) for the spectrum of the resonant radiation force, which is dependent on the CQWN width ratio, the barrier height, and polarized states sensitively. It is also confirmed that the resonant radiation force is steerable by the incident and polarized directions of incident light. This work may provide an advantageous method for detecting internal quantum properties of nanostructures, and open novel and raising possibilities for optical manipulation of nano-objects using laser-induced radiation force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the Hopf bifurcation control of a modified Pan-like chaotic system. Based on the Routh–Hurwtiz theory and high-dimensional Hopf bifurcation theory, the existence and stability of the Hopf bifurcation depending on selected values of the system parameters are studied. The region of the stability for the Hopf bifurcation is investigated. By the hybrid control method, a nonlinear controller is designed for changing the Hopf bifurcation point and expanding the range of the stability. Discussions show that with the change of parameters of the controller, the Hopf bifurcation emerges at an expected location with predicted properties and the range of the Hopf bifurcation stability is expanded. Finally, numerical simulation is provided to confirm the analytic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of HfOx inserting layer thickness on the electrical properties of the ZnO-based transparent resistance random access memory (TRRAM) device were investigated in this paper. The bipolar resistive switching behavior of a single ZnO film and bilayer HfOx/ZnO films as active layers for TRRAM devices was demonstrated. It was revealed that the bilayer TRRAM device with a 10-nm HfOx inserted layer had a more stable resistive switching behavior than other devices including the single layer device, as well as being forming free, and the transmittance was more than 80% in the visible region. For the HfOx/ZnO devices, the current conduction behavior was dominated by the space-charge-limited current mechanism in the low resistive state (LRS) and Schottky emission in the high resistive state (HRS), while the mechanism for single layer devices was controlled by ohmic conduction in the LRS and Poole–Frenkel emission in the HRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study on deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) is very important because this mechanism has relevance to safety issues in industries, where combustible premixed gases are in general use. However, the quantitative prediction of DDT is one of the major unsolved problems in combustion and detonation theory to date. In this paper, the DDT process is studied theoretically and the critical condition is given by a concise theoretical expression. The results show that a deflagration wave propagating with about 60% Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation velocity is a critical condition. This velocity is the maximum propagating velocity of a deflagration wave and almost equal to the sound speed of combustion products. When this critical condition is reached, a CJ detonation is triggered immediately. This is the quantitative criteria of the DDT process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate aerodynamic measurements in the hypersonic flow of large aircraft models in tunnels have practical significance, but pose a significant challenge. Novel aerodynamic force measurement methods have been proposed,but lack theoretical support. The forms of the force signals techniques for signal processing and calculation of aerodynamics are especially problematic. A theoretical study is conducted to investigate the dynamic properties based on models of the draw-rod system and slender rods. The results indicate that the inertia item can be neglected in the rod governing equation; further, the solutions show that the signals of each rod are a combination of aerodynamic signals (with a constant value) and sine signals, which can be verified by experimental shock tunnel results. Signal processing and aerodynamics calculation techniques are also found to be achievable via the flat part of the signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate theoretically and numerically the evolutions of optical pulses in the time domain due to modulation instability (MI), where CW pump accompanied with a probe is used as the input of nonlinear fiber. As the fiber length increases, we show that it exhibits beat frequency between the pump and the probe first when the probe lies outside the MI resonance region, and then gradually transforms into a pulse train resulting from spontaneous MI rather than induced MI. However, the regular pulse train is easier to generate in the whole fiber if the probe exists in MI resonance region, and the period of the pulse train is inversely proportional to the frequency spacing between the pump and the probe. It is emphasized that the pulse period can be adjusted only when the probe is in MI resonance region. The numerical simulations are in agreement with the theoretical results. The obtained results are guidable for generating and manipulating the optical pulse train in the fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The minimization of spurious wave reflection is a challenge in multiscale coupling due to the difference of spatial resolution between atomistic and continuum regions. In this study, a new damping condition is presented for eliminating spurious wave reflection at the interface between atomistic and continuum regions. This damping method starts by a coarse–fine decomposition of the atomic velocity based on the bridging scale method. The fine scale velocity of the atoms in the damping region is reduced by applying nonlinear damping coefficients. The effectiveness of this damping method is verified by one- and two- dimensional simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strontium titanate (SrTiO is a promising n-type material for thermoelectric applications. However, its relatively high thermal conductivity limits its performance in efficiently converting heat into electrical power through thermoelectric effect. This work shows that the thermal conductivity of SrTiO can be effectively reduced by annealing treatments, through an integrated study of laser flash measurement, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray absorption fine structure, and first-principles calculations. A phonon scattering model is proposed to explain the reduction of thermal conductivity after annealing. This work suggests a promising means to characterize and optimize the material for thermoelectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional premixed H2-O2 detonation propagation in rectangular ducts is simulated using an in-house parallel detonation code based on the second-order space–time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) scheme. The simulation reproduces three typical cellular structures by setting appropriate cross-sectional size and initial perturbation in square tubes. As the cross-sectional size decreases, critical cellular structures transforming the rectangular or diagonal mode into the spinning mode are obtained and discussed in the perspective of phase variation as well as decreasing of triple point lines. Furthermore, multiple cellular structures are observed through examples with typical aspect ratios. Utilizing the visualization of detailed three-dimensional structures, their formation mechanism is further analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a pulsed-dc CH3OH/Ar plasma jet generated at atmospheric pressure is studied by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). A gas–liquid bubbler system is proposed to introduce the methanol vapor into the argon gas, and the CH3OH/Ar volume ratio is kept constant at about 0.1%. Discharge occurs in a 6-mm needle-to-ring gap in an atmospheric-pressure CH3OH/Ar mixture. The space-resolved distributions of OH LIF inside and outside the nozzle exhibit distinctly different behaviors. And, different production mechanisms of OH radicals in the needle-to-ring discharge gap and afterglow of plasma jet are discussed. Besides, the optical emission lines of carbonaceous species, such as CH, CN, and C2 radicals, are identified in the CH3OH/Ar plasma jet. Finally, the influences of operating parameters (applied voltage magnitude, pulse frequency, pulsewidth) on the OH radical density are also presented and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, the Ta/HfOx/BN/TiN resistive switching devices are fabricated and they exhibit low power consumption and high uniformity each. The reset current is reduced for the HfOx/BN bilayer device compared with that for the Ta/HfOx/TiN structure. Furthermore, the reset current decreases with increasing BN thickness. The HfOx layer is a dominating switching layer, while the low-permittivity and high-resistivity BN layer acts as a barrier of electrons injection into TiN electrode. The current conduction mechanism of low resistance state in the HfOx/BN bilayer device is space-charge-limited current (SCLC), while it is Ohmic conduction in the HfOx device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A system for measuring terahertz spectrum is proposed based on optical interferometer theory, and is experimentally demonstrated by using a backward-wave oscillator as the terahertz source. A high-resolution, high-precision interferometer is constructed by using a pyroelectric detector and a chopper. The results show that the spectral resolution is better than 1 GHz and the relative error of frequency is less than 3%. The terahertz energy density distribution is calculated by an inverse Fourier transform and tested to verify the feasibility of the interferometric approach. Two kinds of carbon-fiber composites are imaged. The results confirm that the interferometer is useful for transmission imaging of materials with different thickness values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypocycloid and epicycloid motions of irregular grains (pine pollen) are observed for the first time in a dust plasma in a two-dimensional (2D) horizontal plane. These cycloid motions can be regarded as a combination of a primary circle and a secondary circle. An inverse Magnus force originating from the spin of the irregular grain gives rise to the primary circle. Radial confinement resulting from the electrostatic force and the ion drag force, together with inverse Magnus force, plays an important role in the formation of the secondary circle. In addition, the cyclotron radius is seen to change periodically during the cycloid motion. Force analysis and comparison experiments have shown that the cycloid motions are distinctive features of an irregular grain immersed in a plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of physiological and pathological abnormal excitation of a myocyte on the spiral waves is investigated based on the cellular automaton model. When the excitability of the medium is high enough, the physiological abnormal excitation causes the spiral wave to meander irregularly and slowly. When the excitability of the medium is low enough, the physiological abnormal excitation leads to a new stable spiral wave. On the other hand, the pathological abnormal excitation destroys the spiral wave and results in the spatiotemporal chaos, which agrees with the clinical conclusion that the early after depolarization is the pro-arrhythmic mechanism of some anti-arrhythmic drugs. The mechanisms underlying these phenomena are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical gain characteristics of Ge1−xSnx are simulated systematically. With an injection carrier concentration of 5 × 1018/cm3 at room temperature, the maximal optical gain of Ge0.922Sn0.078 alloy (with n-type doping concentration being 5 × 1018/cm3) reaches 500 cm−1. Moreover, considering the free-carrier absorption effect, we find that there is an optimal injection carrier density to achieve a maximal net optical gain. A double heterostructure Ge0.554Si0.289Sn0.157/Ge0.922Sn0.078/Ge0.554Si0.289Sn0.157 short-wave infrared laser diode is designed to achieve a high injection efficiency and low threshold current density. The simulation values of the device threshold current density Jth are 6.47 kA/cm2 (temperature: 200 K, and λ = 2050 nm), 10.75 kA/cm2 (temperature: 200 K, and λ = 2000 nm), and 23.12 kA/cm2 (temperature: 300 K, and λ = 2100 nm), respectively. The results indicate the possibility to obtain a Si-based short-wave infrared Ge1−xSnx laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs first-principles calculations to study the structural, mechanical and electronic properties of the spinels ZnAl2O4, ZnGa2O4 and ZnCr2O4, using density functional theory with the plane-wave pseudopotential method. Our calculations are in good agreement with previous theoretical calculations and the available experimental data. The studies in this paper focus on the evolution of the mechanical properties of ZnAl2O4, ZnGa2O4 and ZnCr2O4 under hydrostatic pressure. The results show that the cubic phases of ZnAl2O4, ZnGa2O4 and ZnCr2O4 become unstable at about 50 GPa, 40 GPa and 25 GPa, respectively. From analysis of the band structure of the three compounds at equilibrium volume, it obtains a direct band gap of 4.35 eV for ZnAl2O4 and 0.89 eV for ZnCr2O4, while ZnGa2O4 has an indirect band gap of 2.73 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]