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In this paper, the Padé approximant and analytic solution in the neighborhood of the initial value are introduced into the process of constructing the Shilnikov type homoclinic trajectories in three-dimensional nonlinear dynamical systems. The PID controller system with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, the simplified solar-wind-driven-magnetosphere-ionosphere system, and the human DNA sequence system are considered. With the aid of presenting a new condition, the solutions of solving the boundary-value problems which are formulated for the trajectory and evaluating the initial amplitude values become available. At the same time, the value of the bifurcation parameter is obtained directly, which is almost consistent with the numerical result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, aero-engines face a major need to widen the ignition envelope. In order to provide a technical support to expand the high altitude ignition envelope of aero-engines, in this article we propose a novel ignition technology, i.e., “pre-combustion plasma jet ignition technology”. In this paper, we also design a pre-combustion plasma jet igniter. Its discharge characteristics, jet characteristics, and ignition effects are studied. The results show that increasing the equivalent ratio of jet gas can enhance the discharge stability and increase the duty cycle. At the same time, it can reduce working power and energy consumption. The increase of equivalent ratio in jet gas can enhance the length and ignition area of plasma jet. In the process of ignition, the pre-combustion plasma jet igniter has obvious advantages, suchn as shortening the ignition delay time and enlarging the ignition boundary. When the airflow velocity is 39.11 m/s and the inlet air temperature is 80 °C, compared with the spark igniter and the air plasma jet igniter, the pre-combustion plasma jet igniter has an ignition boundary that is expanded by 319.8% and 55.7% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the first principles calculations, the chemical stability, mechanical, and electronic properties of chromium silicides are predicted. Estimating enthalpies and binding energies, density state density and electron density distribution are combined to analyse the thermodynamic stability and physical properties of chrome-silicon binary compounds. The chromium silicide includes Cr3Si, Cr5Si3, CrSi, and CrSi2. The chemical stability and the information about electronic structure, mechanical properties, Debye temperature, and anisotropy properties are obtained by density functional theory and Debye quasi-harmonic approximation. Meanwhile, the calculation of elastic modulus shows that Cr3Si has the highest body modulus value (251 GPa) and CrSi2 possesses the highest shear modulus (169.5 GPa) and Young’s modulus (394.9 GPa). In addition, the Debye temperature and the speed of sound of these Cr–Si compounds are also calculated. Since the calculated bulk modulus is different from Young’s modulus anisotropy index, and also different from Young’s modulus of a three-dimensional surface shape, the different mechanical anisotropies of all the compounds are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical 2.45-GHz microwave-driven Cs-free H− source was improved based on the experimental H− source at Peking University (PKU). Several structural improvements were implemented to meet the practical requirements of Xi’an Proton Application Facility (XiPaf). Firstly, the plasma chamber size was optimized to enhance the plasma intensity and stability. Secondly, the filter magnetic field and electron deflecting magnetic field were enhanced to reduce co-extracted electrons. Thirdly, a new two-electrode extraction system with farther electrode gap and enhanced water cooling ability to diminish spark and sputter during beam extraction was applied. At last, the direct H− current measuring method was adopted by the arrangement of a new pair of bending magnets before Faraday cup (FC) to remove residual electrons. With these improvements, electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) magnetic field optimization experiments and operation parameter variation experiments were carried out on the H− ion source and a maximum 8.5-mA pure H− beam was extracted at 50 kV with the time structure of 100 Hz/0.3 ms. The root-mean-square (RMS) emittance of the beam is 0.25π⋅mm⋅mrad. This improved H− source and extraction system were maintenance-free for more than 200 hours in operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss rate of cold atoms in a trap due to residual gas collisions differs from that in a free state after the cold atoms are released from the trap. In this paper, the loss rate in a cold rubidium-87 atom cloud was measured in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) and during its free flight. The residual gas pressure was analyzed by a residual gas analyzer, and the pressure distribution in a vacuum chamber was numerically calculated by the angular coefficient method. The decay factor, which describes the decay behavior of cold atoms due to residual gas collisions during a free flight, was calculated. It was found that the decay factor agrees well with theoretical predictions under various vacuum conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A miniaturized 2.45 GHz permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance (PMECR) ion source, which has the ability of producing a tens-mA H+ beam, has been built and tested at Peking University (PKU). Its plasma chamber dimension is Φ30 mm × 40 mm and the whole size of the ion source is Φ180 mm × 130 mm. This source has a unique structure with the whole source body embedded into the extraction system. It can be operated in both continuous wave (CW) mode and pulse mode. In the CW mode, more than 20 mA hydrogen ion beam at 40 kV can be obtained with the microwave power of 180 W and about 1 mA hydrogen ion beam is produced with a microwave power of 10 W. In the pulse mode, more than 50 mA hydrogen ion beam with a duty factor of 10% can be extracted when the peak microwave power is 1800 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelectric materials have aroused widespread concern due to their unique ability to directly convert heat to electricity without any moving parts or noxious emissions. Taking advantages of two-dimensional structures of thermoelectric films, the potential applications of thermoelectric materials are diversified, particularly in microdevices. Well-controlled nanostructures in thermoelectric films are effective to optimize the electrical and thermal transport, which can significantly improve the performance of thermoelectric materials. In this paper, various physical and chemical approaches to fabricate thermoelectric films, including inorganic, organic, and inorganic–organic composites, are summarized, where more attentions are paid on the inorganic thermoelectric films for their excellent thermoelectric responses. Additionally, strategies for enhancing the performance of thermoelectric films are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combined unit, which has the ability to measure the current and emittance of the high intensity direct current (DC) ion beam, is developed at Peking University (PKU). It is a multi-slit single-wire (MSSW)-type beam emittance meter combined with a water-cooled Faraday Cup, named high intensity beam emittance measurement unit-6 (HIBEMU-6). It takes about 15 seconds to complete one measurement of the beam current and its emittance. The emittance of a 50-mA@50-kV DC proton beam is measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical emission spectroscopy (OES), as a simple in situ method without disturbing the plasma, has been performed for the plasma diagnosis of a 2.45 GHz permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance (PMECR) ion source at Peking University (PKU). A spectrum measurement platform has been set up with the quartz-chamber electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source [Patent Number: ZL 201110026605.4] and experiments were carried out recently. The electron temperature and electron density inside the ECR plasma chamber have been measured with the method of line intensity ratio of noble gas. Hydrogen plasma processes inside the discharge chamber are discussed based on the diagnostic results. What is more, the superiority of the method of line intensity ratio of noble gas is indicated with a comparison to line intensity ratio of hydrogen. Details will be presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High current hydrogen molecular ion beam is obtained with a specially designed stainless steel liner permanent magnet 2.45-GHz electron–cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source (PMECR II) at Peking University (PKU). To further understand the physics of the hydrogen generation process inside a plasma chamber, theoretical and experimental investigations on the liner material of the plasma chamber in different running conditions are carried out. Several kinds of materials, stainless steel (SS), tantalum (Ta), quartz, and aluminum (Al) are selected in our study. Experimental results show that stainless steel and tantalum are much better than others in generation. During the experiment, an increasing trend in fraction is observed with stainless steel liner after O2 discharge inside the ion source. Surface analyses show that the roughness change on the surface after O2 discharge may be responsible for this phenomenon. After these studies, the pure current of ions can reach 42.3 mA with a fraction of 52.9%. More details are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability, electronic structures, and mechanical properties of the Fe–Mn–Al system were determined by first-principles calculations. The formation enthalpy and cohesive energy of these Fe–Mn–Al alloys are negative and show that the alloys are thermodynamically stable. Fe3Al, with the lowest formation enthalpy, is the most stable compound in the Fe–Mn–Al system. The partial density of states, total density of states, and electron density distribution maps of the Fe– Mn–Al alloys were analyzed. The bonding characteristics of these Fe–Mn–Al alloys are mainly combinations of covalent bonding and metallic bonds. The stress-strain method and Voigt–Reuss–Hill approximation were used to calculate the elastic constants and moduli, respectively. Fe2.5Mn0.5Al has the highest bulk modulus, 234.5 GPa. Fe1.5Mn1.5Al has the highest shear modulus and Young’s modulus, with values of 98.8 GPa and 259.2 GPa, respectively. These Fe–Mn–Al alloys display disparate anisotropies due to the calculated different shape of the three-dimensional curved surface of the Young’s modulus and anisotropic index. Moreover, the anisotropic sound velocities and Debye temperatures of these Fe–Mn–Al alloys were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability and reliability of an ion source and its beam availability are extremely significant for any accelerator, especially for those high current long term CW operation ones like ADS. Although the first high quality 306-hours continuous wave (CW) operating curve at 50 mA@35 keV has been successfully obtained with a standard compact 2.45 GHz ECR ion source at Peking University (PKU), but the uncertainties that caused beam trips before are unacceptable during an accelerator real operation and should be eliminated. Meanwhile, no permission will be given when the beam power is upgraded from 50 mA@35 keV to 50 mA@50 keV. To improve the PKU CW proton source quality, several upgrades were done recently. After those improvements, a new long term CW proton beam experiment at 50 mA@50 keV was carried out in June 2016. The total running time is 300.5 hours, including near 6 hours ion source preparation and 294 hours non-disturb continuous operation. Within the continuous 13 days operation, no beam-off happened, no spark was observed, no beam drop appeared, no interrupting action was needed, and only a few beam fluctuations caused by the air conditional failure occurred. Beam availability and reliability within the 294 hours is 100%. The root-mean-square (RMS) emittance of this 50 mA@50 keV CW proton beam is about 0.186 π.mm.mrad. A careful inspection of the ion source was done after this long term operation and no obvious damage was found. The restart experimental results obtained after the ion source inspection prove the high repeatability of PKU PMECRIS. In addition, a 130-mA H+ beam was obtained at 50 kV with duty factor of 10% (100 Hz/1 ms) with this source. Details will be presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting holes in oil–gas reservoirs is vital to the evaluation of reservoir potential. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of identifying general micro-hole shapes, including triangular, circular, and square shapes, in oil–gas reservoirs by adopting terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). We evaluate the THz absorption responses of punched silicon (Si) wafers having micro-holes with sizes of 20 μm–500 μm. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to establish a model between THz absorbance and hole shapes. The positions of samples in three-dimensional spaces for three principal components are used to determine the differences among diverse hole shapes and the homogeneity of similar shapes. In addition, a new Si wafer with the unknown hole shapes, including triangular, circular, and square, can be qualitatively identified by combining THz-TDS and PCA. Therefore, the combination of THz-TDS with mathematical statistical methods can serve as an effective approach to the rapid identification of micro-hole shapes in oil–gas reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the extended Pade approximant is used to construct the homoclinic and the heteroclinic trajectories in nonlinear dynamical systems that are asymmetric at origin. Meanwhile, the conservative system, the autonomous system, and the nonautonomous system equations with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities are considered. The disturbance parameter [?] is not limited to being small. The ranges of the values of the linear and the nonlinear term parameters, which are variables, can be determined when the boundary values are satisfied. New conditions for the potentiality and the convergence are posed to make it possible to solve the boundary-value problems formulated for the orbitals and to evaluate the initial amplitude values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two sets of laser-damage experiments on large-aperture fused silica optics have been carried out in a high-power laser facility. Severe damage has been found on the grating which presented dense craters on the front surface. This phenomenon is quite different from other fused silica optics, which are damaged on the rear surface. The damage possibility due to the redeposition layer was ruled out by acid-etching the grating's front surface. The remarkable stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effect was observed in grating and the reason for the front surface damage is thought to be the backward SBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]