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From a Bayesian analysis of the electric dipole polarizability, the constrained energy of isovector giant dipole resonance, the peak energy of isocalar giant quadrupole resonance and the constrained energy of isocalar giant monopole resonance in $^{208}$Pb, we extract the isoscalar and isovector effective masses in nuclear matter at saturation density $\rho_0$ as $m_{s,0}^{\ast}/m=0.87_{-0.04}^{+0.04}$ and $m_{v,0}^{\ast}/m = 0.78_{-0.05}^{+0.06}$ at $90\%$ confidence level. The obtained constraints on $m_{s,0}^{\ast}$ and $m_{v,0}^{\ast}$ lead to a positive isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass in asymmetric nuclear matter of isospin asymmetry $\delta$ at $\rho_0$ as $m_{n-p}^* / m=(0.20^{+0.15}_{-0.14})\delta$. In addition, the symmetry energy at the subsaturation density $\rho^{\ast}=0.05~\mathrm{fm}^{-3}$ is determined to be $E_{\mathrm{sym}}(\rho^{\ast})=16.7\pm1.3$ MeV at $90\%$ confidence level., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in Chinese Physics C