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10Be/7Be is a stratospheric sensitive tracer. In this paper, measurements of 10Be/7Be and surface O3 from October 2005 to May 2006 at Mt. Waliguan (hereafter WLG, 100.898°E, 39.287°N, 3810 m, a.s.l.), China global atmospheric watch (GAW) observatory, are introduced and used to investigate the stratosphere-troposphere transport (STT) and its impact on surface O3 on the Tibetan Plateau. The results show that the magnitude of STT is weak in winter, followed by strengthening from the end of winter to 10 7 10 7 the middle of spring (from mid February to mid April) with large increases in Be, Be, Be/ Be and surface O3. At the end of spring (from the end of April to mid May in this paper), the STT weakened, and the continuous increase of surface O3 at WLG is produced by tropospheric photochemistry reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the ranging pattern of the wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti) at Xiaochangdu, Tibet from June 2003 to March 2005. Using the map grid cell method, the group home range were 16.75 km in summer, 10.50 km in winter, and 21.25 km total over two years. The daily travel length (DTL) averaged 765 m with a range of 350-3500 m. The results showed that DTL in winter was significantly shorter than those of in summer and spring. Temperature, rainfall, food availability, and human disturbance correlated positively with DTL. According to the maximum observed group size and estimated total home range, population density and biomass of R. bieti were 9.1 individuals/km and 88.6 kg/km, respectively. The temporal and spatial variations of food resources and patterns of human disturbance largely determine the ranging behavior of R. bieti at Xiaochangdu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-crystallizing chromian spinel (Cr-spinel) in the Nagqu ophiolite has high Os and low Re contents, and it is resistant to alteration during serpentinization, weathering and metamorphism. The chemical composition of primitive magma is preserved in Cr-spinel, which makes it suitable for determining the initial Os-isotope composition of the mantle source. This study presents Cr-spinel Os isotopes and zircon U-Pb ages for cumulate dunite and gabbro, respectively, in the same cumulate section of the ophiolite at Nagqu in Tibet. The results shed light on the formation and evolution of lithospheric mantle. The Nagqu ophiolite is located in the central part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. It is a remnant of the Neotethyan oceanic crust, and contains cumulate dunite and gabbro. Zircon from the gabbro yielded a weighted mean Pb/U age of 183.7±1 Ma. Cr-spinel exhibits γ values of −0.2 to −0.3, suggesting that the mantle source for the dunite is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. Thus, the Tibetan lithosphere is primarily a relic of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere, which has formed by the transformation of the normal asthenospheric mantle in the Mesozoic. This is the first study to combine the spinel Os isotopes with accurate zircon U-Pb ages to constrain the geochemical characteristics of the mantle source for the ophiolite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four wetland maps for all China have been produced, based on Landsat and CBERS-02B remote sensing data between 1978 and 2008 (1978, 1990, 2000 and 2008). These maps were mainly developed by manual interpretation and validated by substantial field investigation in 2009. Based on these maps, we analyzed the 2008 wetland distribution in China and discussed wetland changes and their drivers over the past 30 years. (i) There were about 324097 km of wetlands in 2008, for which inland marshes or swamps were the most common wetland type (35%), with lakes (26%) second. Most of the wetlands were in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and Tibet, occupying about 55% of the national wetland area. (ii) From 1978 to 2008, China's wetland area continually and significantly decreased, by about 33% based on changes in the wetland map. This was in sharp contrast to the increase in artificial wetlands, which increased by about 122%. Inland marshes accounted for the main loss of total wetlands from 1978 to 2000. From 2000 through 2008, riverine and lacustrine wetlands constituted the main wetland loss. Fortunately however, the rate of wetland loss decreased from 5523 to 831 km/a. (iii) The change ratio of lost natural wetlands (including inland and coastal wetlands) to non-wetlands has decreased slightly over the past 30 years. From 1978 to 1990, nearly all natural wetlands (98%) lost were transformed into non-wetlands. However, the ratio declined to 86% from 1990 to 2000, and to 77% from 2000 to 2008. (iv) All Chinese provinces were divided into three groups according to patterns of wetland changes, which could relate to the driving forces of such changes. Tibet was completely different from other provinces, as it was one representative example in which there was a net wetland increase, because of global warming and decreased human activity since 1990. Increased economic development caused considerable wetland loss in most eastern provinces, and artificial wetlands increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of the timing and geochemical nature of early metamorphic and anatectic events in the Himalayan orogen may provide key insights into the physical and chemical behavior of lower crustal materials during the early stage of tectonic evolution in large-scale collisional belts. The Yardoi gneiss dome is the easternmost dome of the North Himalayan Gneiss Domes (NHGD), and contains three types of amphibolites with distinct mineral assemblage, elemental and radiogenic isotope geochemistry, as well as various types of gneisses. SHRIMP zircon U/Pb analyses on the garnet amphibolite and garnet-bearing biotite granitic gneiss yield ages of nearly peak metamorphism at 45.0±1.0 Ma and 47.±1.8 Ma, respectively, which are 2 to 4 Ma older than the age for partial melting in migmatitic garnet amphibolite (43.5±1.3 Ma). Available data have demonstrated that ultra-high pressure metamorphism in the Tethyan Himalaya occurred at ∼55 Ma, and high amphibolite facies to granulite facies metamorphism at 45 to 47 Ma. In addition, partial melting at thickened crustal conditions occurred at 43.5±1.3 Ma, which led to the formation of high Sr/Y ratios two-mica granites. The high-grade metamorphic rocks in the NHGD may represent the subducted front of the Indian continental lithosphere. In large collisional belts, fertile components in crustal materials could melt and form granitic melts with relatively high Na/K and Sr/Y ratios under thickened crustal conditions, significantly different from those formed by decompressional melting during rapid exhumation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]