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Background: Interventional bronchoscopy is an indispensable option to manage bronchopleural and tracheopleural fistulas in patients in a poor general condition and at high risk for developing postoperative complications., Methods: This article is based on a search in the PubMed database for relevant publications and own experiences as surgeons and pneumologists., Results: Various interventional techniques can be used for the treatment of bronchopleural and tracheopleural fistulas. Currently, the insertion of stents or endobronchial valves is the most frequently used treatment. Ideally, the attending anesthesiologist will have experience with high frequency jet ventilation and the attending surgeon will have experience with rigid bronchoscopy, flexible bronchoscopy, and interventional bronchoscopy., Discussion: Due to a lack of standardized treatment recommendations, individual treatment plans must be decided according to the location of the bronchopleural or tracheopleural fistula and taking existing comorbidities into account.

Pneumonectomy can represent the appropriate surgical treatment option in advanced or centrally localized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A satisfactory oncologic tumor surgery can be reached in these cases although pneumonectomy is associated with a significantly higher mortality and morbidity than less extensive resection of the lung parenchyma.The aim of this article is a systematic review and the presentation of possible postoperative consequences of pneumonectomy in the early and late phases, which depend not only on the underlying disease but are also primarily affected by the state and function of the remaining contralateral lung parenchyma. Cardiopulmonary complications, especially pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrhythmia or myocardial infarction lead to increased 30-day mortality in the early postoperative period. Moreover, advanced ages over 70 years can be identified as a significant risk factor for poor quality of life after pneumonectomy.