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The nutrients nitrogen and one of the most demanded by plant species, and its presence in soil under organic or mineral forms available to plants is linked to quality and quatity of plant residues added to the soil. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of cultivation of eucalyptus and acacia in the composition of organic and inorganic N forms and the natural abundance of 15 N in an Ultisol. For this, we collected soil and litter samples in continuous short-rotation eucalypt ( Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid) (seven years) compared to a rotation system including acacia ( Acacia mangium Willd.) after short-rotation eucalypt; and long-rotation eucalypt (24 years). A native vegetation (Atlantic Forest) was used as a reference for the original site condition representative for the northern coast of Espírito Santo state. To do so, we evaluated the content of total organic C, total N, N-NH 4 + , N-NO 3 - , C/N ratio, fractionation of organic N and 15 N natural abundance in soil and litter. Among the forms of organic-N hydrolyzed, the N-amino was the fraction with the highest contribution of organic N (39%), followed by the fraction of N-unidentified (27%), the fraction of N-amide (18%) and N-hexosamine (15%). The acacia plantation presented smaller natural abundance of 15 N and higher levels of total N and soil organic C, and increased organic forms of N-hydrolyzed, when compared to the eucalyptus short-rotation soil. This indicates the increase of labile N-organic forms in the soil for the plants and reduction of humification of soil organic matter (SOM) of acacia. Thus, the crops rotation with acacia after eucalyptus contributed to the increase of organic forms in the soil, important for the nutrition of plants, because they are potential sources of nutrients to the plants in a short-time period.

A busca de sistemas sustentáveis de manejo do solo tem levado pesquisadores a desenvolverem novas técnicas de cultivo. Dentre elas, destacam-se no Brasil estudos realizados com espécies florestais capazes de fixar N2 atmosférico e aumentar o estoque de C e N em frações lábeis e estáveis da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações nos estoques de C e N em frações das substâncias húmicas, da fração leve da MOS e da matéria microbiana em solos cultivados com Eucalyptus urograndis em rotação curta, eucalipto em rotação longa e povoamentos de Acacia mangium que sucederam plantios de eucalipto em rotação curta, tendo como referência o solo de floresta nativa (Mata Atlântica) adjacente. Foram quantificados os estoques de C orgânico total e N total (COT e NT), nas frações das substâncias húmicas (fração ácido fúlvico-AF, fração ácido húmico-AH e fração humina-H), C e N da fração leve da MOS (C-MOL e N-MOL) e estoque de C e N da matéria microbiana (C-BM e N-BM). Os resultados indicaram que o cultivo do eucalipto em rotação curta apresentou menores estoques de COT e NT, nas frações das substâncias húmicas e, de N na matéria microbiana em comparação ao solo sob rotação com Acacia mangium. O cultivo de Acacia mangium e o aumento do tempo da rotação do eucalipto incrementaram os estoques de C e N da maioria das frações lábeis (C-MOL, N-MOL e C-BM) e estáveis (C e N nas substâncias húmicas). Indicando tendência de recuperação dos seus estoques para valores próximos daqueles originais (mata nativa), sendo superiores aos estoques obtidos na área de eucalipto em rotação curta.

The pursuit of sustainable systems of soil management has led researchers to develop new techniques of cultivation. Among them, studies with forest species able to fix atmospheric N2 and increase C and N stocks in labile and stable soil organic matter (SOM) stand out in Brazil. The study aimed to evaluate changes in stocks of C and N in fractions of humic substances, light fraction of SOM and microbial biomass in soils of short-rotation Eucalyptus “urograndis”, long rotation plantations and stands of Acacia mangium which succeeded short rotation eucalyptus monoculture, in comparison to the soil of native forest (Atlantic Forest). It was obtained the total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks, C and N stocks in the fractions of humic substances (fulvic acid fraction-AF, humic acid fraction-HA and humin fraction-H), C and N in light fraction of SOM (C-LOM and N-LOM) and C and N microbial biomass (CMB and N-MB). The results indicated that the short rotation eucalyptus cultivation reduced total organic carbon stocks, total nitrogen, C and N in the humic substances, and N storage in the microbial biomass compared to Acacia mangium soil. The cultivation of Acacia mangium and the increase of the eucalyptus rotation time increased stocks of C and N of the labile (C-LOM, N-LOM and C-MB) and stable fractions (C and N in humic substances) indicating a significant recovery of their stocks to levels approaching those original (native), and higher than stocks obtained in the soil of short rotation eucalypt.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050987554Changes in the management system for the cultivation of different forest populations and the use of crop rotation can lead to changes in the quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and vegetable residue deposition. This study evaluated the stage of decomposition and the contribution of plant and microbial compounds of microbial origin for SOM through biomarkers, such as phenols-derived lignin, carbohydrates and amino sugars in monoculture of eucalyptus of short-cycle (Eucalyptus urograndis) (seven years) compared to crop rotation system with acacia (Acacia mangium Willd.) after eucalyptus monoculture; monoculture of eucalyptus of long-cycle (24 years) and native vegetation (Atlantic Forest), as a condition of the original soil of the north coast of Espírito Santo state. To do so, it was estimated in samples of soil and litter the content of total organic C (TOC), total N (TN) and the contents of lignin-derived phenols (VSC), the carbohydrates and the amino sugars derived from soil microbial activity and relationships acids and aldehyde groups vanilil ((Ac/Al)vanilil) and syringyl ((Ac/Al)syringyl) of the lignin, relations hexoses/pentoses (H/P) of the carbohydrates, glucosamine/muramic acid (Gluc/Ac. Mur) and glucosamine/galactosamine (Gluc/Gal) of the amino sugars. The results indicated that litter of the monoculture of eucalyptus short-cycle has greater deposition of dry matter, lignin content (VSC) and carbohydrates, C/N and VSC/N ratio; similar proportion of coarse litter, fine litter and C content and; lower N content in comparison to the crop rotation system with acacia. In the soil, acacia cultivation increases C, N and carbohydrates content, enlarge the acid/aldehyde ratio of vanilil grouping and the glucosamine/muramic acid ratio of amino sugars derived from microbial activity. The increase in time of eucalyptus cultivation (24 years) increased C content and decreased the VSC/N ratio in SOM compared to the monoculture of eucalyptus short-cycle, but still having C and N content lower than in soil of acacia and native forest. The smallest Ac/Al ratio of phenol derived from lignin in soils cultivated with eucalyptus (in long and short-cycle) indicates that the SOM is in lower stage of decomposition (oxidation) than in the soil cultivated with acacia, and that under native forest. In the soils under acacia, followed by that of eucalyptus short-cycle, the highest glucosamine/muramic acid ratio suggested a greater contribution of fungi in SOM cycling, whereas in the native forest and eucalyptus long-cycle soils there is greater abundance of bacteria-derived compounds. In this sense, there was recovery in the quality of the soil cultivated with eucalyptus long-cycle and rotated with acacia in respect to the monoculture eucalyptus short-cycle.

Changes in the management systems for the cultivation of different forest stands and the use of species rotation can lead to alterations in the quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and plant residuede position. This study evaluated the stage of decomposition and the contribution of plant and microbial origin for SOM through biomarkers, such as lignin-derived phenols, carbohydrates and amino sugars incontinuous shortrotation eucalypt (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid) (seven years) compared to a rotation system including acacia (Acacia mangium Willd.) after short-rotation eucalypt; and long-rotation eucalypt(24 years). A native vegetation (Atlantic Forest) was used as a reference for the original site condition representative for the northern coast of Espírito Santo state. To do so, we estimated the content of totalorganic C (TOC), total N (TN) and the contents of lignin-derived phenols (VSC), the carbohydrates and the amino sugars derived from soil microorganisms, and acids/aldehyde ratio of groups vanilil ((Ac/Al)vanilil) and syringyl ((Ac/Al)syringyl) of the lignin, hexoses/pentoses (H/P) ratio of carbohydrates, besides glucosamine/ muramic acid (Gluc/Ac. Mur) and glucosamine/galactosamine (Gluc/Gal) ratios for soil and litter samples. The results indicated that litter of the continuous short-rotation eucalypt has greater drymass, lignin (VSC) and carbohydrates contents, C/N and VSC/N ratios; a similar proportion of coarse litter to fine litter and C content, but a lower N content in comparison to the species rotation system that includes the leguminous acacia. In the soil, acacia cultivation increases C, N and carbohydrates content, widened the acid/aldehyde ratio of vanilil groups of lignin and the glucosamine/muramic acid ratio of amino sugars derived from microbial activity. The longer rotation of eucalypt (24 years) increased C content and decreased the VSC/N ratio in SOM compared to the continuous short-rotation eucalypt, but still having C and N content lower than in soil of acacia and native forest. The smallest Ac/Al ratio of lignin-derived phenols in soils cultivated with eucalypt (in long and short-rotation) indicates that the SOM is in less advanced stage of decomposition (humification) than in the soil cultivated with acacia, and that under native forest. In soils under acacia, followed by that of short-rotation eucalypt, the higher glucosamine/muramic acid ratio suggested a greatercontribution of fungi in SOM cycling, whereas in the native forest and long-rotation eucalypt there is greater abundance of bacteria-derived compounds. Overall, the results indicate that there was a recovery in the quality of the soils cultivated with eucalypt for a longer rotation and also with acacia in relation to the continuous short-rotation eucalypt.

O cultivo de florestas plantadas de eucalipto em áreas de pastagem tem propiciado alterações no estoque de C e N no solo, em especial pelas diferentes características de cada planta e manejo dos resíduos vegetais; o eucalipto pode localizar maior estoque de C e N originário de resíduos da parte aérea na camada superficial do solo, e aumentar a relação C/N dos resíduos vegetais em decomposição. Tais diferenças podem causar redução no estoque de C e N nas frações químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo, tanto nas frações mais lábeis, quanto nas mais recalcitrantes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os estoques de C orgânico total (COT) e N total (NT), estoque de C e N nas substâncias húmicas (ácidos fúlvicos, húmicos e húminas), fração leve (C-MOL e N-MOL) e biomassa microbiana (C-BM e N-BM) em amostras de solos coletadas nas camadas de 0-0,10, 0,10-0,20, 0,20-0,40, 0,40-0,60 e 0,60-1,00 m de profundidade, na linha (EL) e entrelinha (EEL) do solo sob cultivo de eucalipto na quarta rotação com seis anos de idade, e em área de pastagem cultivada com brachiaria (P). O estoque de carbono orgânico total e de carbono na fração leve do solo nas primeiras camadas do solo (até 0,60 m) foi superior na entrelinha do eucalipto em comparação àquele cultivado com pastagem e na linha de cultivo do eucalipto, possivelmente favorecido pela incorporação de resíduos da colheita do ciclo anterior de eucalipto na atual entrelinha. Por meio da determinação da abundância natural de 13C na camada de 0-0,20m de solo verificou-se que 29 e 37% do carbono presente na matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) após 28 anos de cultivo derivaram do eucalipto (planta C3), respectivamente, na linha e entrelinha, o que correspondeu à taxa de ciclagem média da MOS nesse solo de 1,04% (linha) e 1,32% (entrelinha) ao ano. No solo da entrelinha, observou-se que o C-C3 proveniente do eucalipto incrementou o estoque de C orgânico do solo, mesmo com a substituição do C-C4 proveniente da pastagem, após 28 anos de cultivo do eucalipto. Para o nitrogênio nas substâncias húmicas, verificou-se estoques semelhantes entre o solo da entrelinha do eucalipto e o de pastagem, e superior ao do solo da linha do eucalipto, até 1 m de profundidade. O solo de eucalipto (EL e EEL) teve estoques de C e N na biomassa microbiana semelhante àquele cultivado com pastagem.