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Compound and shared low-income houses in Ghana have economic, social, cultural, and familial advantages. Yet, COVID-19 and its related lockdown and home confinement in two urban cities, Accra and Kumasi, raised questions about the appropriateness of staying in a compound house while observing the COVID-19 protocols. Whereas a few studies have underscored the ineffectiveness of COVID-19 protocols in low-income shared houses, these assume a homogeneity of such households without reflecting on the diversities that exist among and between the different categories of low-income households and the imperative nuanced implications for the spread of infectious diseases. Against this backdrop the paper employed qualitative methodologies of in-depth interviews and non-participant observations to interrogate the experiences of low-income households' utilisation of space as they observed COVID-19 protocols. Drawing respondents from four low-income communities in Accra, the authors examined how traditional family households and non-traditional family households implemented the safety protocols and their implications for shared housing. Issues of sharing inadequate communal facilities and public health concerns as well as lack of access to inadequate water and living spaces impacted the respondents' COVID-19 experience. The study discovered that households' socioeconomic status is directly related to the management of epidemics in urban spaces in Ghana. • Over-crowding and sharing of communal facilities in compound houses raised public health concerns. • A renewed sense of communalism and bonding resulted among households in compound houses during the pandemic. • Existing social networks in houses increased conviviality and psychological resilience for people to deal with lockdown. • Implementing COVID-19 lockdown directives did not take into consideration the socioeconomic status of urban communities. • Efficient planning should be people-centered as local communities become partners and agents of transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unexpected outburst of the COVID-19 pandemic brought with it several challenges to many throughout the world, a health crisis that severely affected not only how we live but also work. Whereas all populations are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, their impacts on vulnerable populations appear greater. However, the relationship and consequences of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations in informal settlements in Ghana remain largely unknown. In this paper, we examine the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on vulnerable populations in Ghanaian informal settlements. We sample 2697 households from 100 informal settlements across eleven administrative regions of Ghana. The findings indicated an inverse relationship among all the individual domain vulnerability measures, total vulnerability, and COVID-19 exposure. Again, the findings showed that informal settlements populations' exposure to COVID-19 is not limited to their vulnerability although their computed vulnerability indices suggest higher exposure. Based on the findings, it is recommended that COVID-19 support initiatives should not just be limited to persons that might be deemed vulnerable by living in informal settlements. • 2697 households from 100 informal settlements in Ghana responded to the survey. • We observe an inverse relationship among individual domain vulnerability measures, total vulnerability, and COVID-19 exposure. • Exposure to COVID-19 is not limited to vulnerability although computed vulnerability indices suggest higher exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]