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Summary: Adjuvants, as the name indicates, are adjoined material aimed to assist in functioning as when added to vaccines they are meant to boost the effect and strongly stimulate the immune system. The response of the immune system can be unpredictable, and the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) was developed to address possible adverse reactions of an autoimmune and inflammatory type that may be caused by adjuvants. While ASIA, as a syndrome, was coined and defined in 2011; reports describing patients with vague and nonspecific clinical symptoms following vaccinations appeared much earlier. In other words, ASIA came to define, arrange, and unite the variety of symptoms, related to autoimmunity, caused not by the vaccine itself, rather by the adjuvant part of the vaccine such as aluminum, among others. Accordingly, the introduction of ASIA enabled better understanding, proper diagnosis, and early treatment of the disorder. Furthermore, ASIA was shown to be associated with almost all body systems and various rheumatic and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and systemic sclerosis. In addition, the correlation between COVID-19 and ASIA was noticed during the pandemic. In this review, we summarized the reported effects of adjuvants and medical literature before and after ASIA was defined, the several ways ASIA can manifest and impact different systems of the body, and the incidences of ASIA during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to clarify, that vaccines are among, if not the, most effective means of fighting infectious diseases however, we believe that vaccines manufacturing is not above criticism, particularly when it comes to added substances possessing a risk of side effects. Adjuvants such as aluminum, mineral oils, and silicone are added to vaccines in order to trigger a stronger immune response. Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) was introduced in 2011 to address nonspecific symptoms and disorders appearing following vaccinations, which in fact were reported by many papers before the introduction of the syndrome. During the pandemic of COVID-19, a correlation between ASIA, COVID-19, and COVID-19 vaccines has been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is key in patients who lack antibody production. We demonstrate the applicability of a functional assay to measure the T-cell response in a cohort of patients with immunodeficiency. T-cell responses to COVID are now linked to improved outcomes. This paper demonstrates a method to robustly test responses for routine diagnostic use in healthy controls and those unable to make a detectable antibody response due to underlying immune deficiency (primary or acquired). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]