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In this study, pre-eclampsia, proteinuria, and edema associated with hypertension in pregnancy were assessed at the Dicle University School of Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic. One group included 20 pre-eclamptic pregnant women with gestational age 20-35 weeks of pregnancy and the same in the control group that included; however, 20 normotensive pregnant women. Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy techniques were used. Histopathological examination of syncytial nodes and stromal cells were observed in the increase in hyperplasia and hyalinization. The evaluation immunohistochemical of chorionic villi, placenta, and hematopoietic stem cell markers showed a positive reaction with CD34. Ultrastructural examination showed endoplasmic reticulum dilatation, degeneration of mitochondria in endothelial cells, and capillary vessel edema.

Background: Nicotine is a well-known toxic alkaloid substance with several teratogenic effects. In animal studies it has been observed that nicotine led to intrauterine growth retardation and intrauterine growth abnormalities including anancephaly, neonatal death and low birth weight. However, the teratogenic effects of nicotine have not previously been observed on skin., Objective: We performed a study in order to observe histologically the teratogenic effects of nicotine on rat skin., Materials & Methods: Ten female Wistar-albino rats were separated into two groups, a control and an experimental group (n = 5). After the first week of pregnancy, the experimental group of rats were given nicotine intraperitoneally in a dosage of 2 mg/kg for two weeks., Results: Striking teratogenic effects were observed in the experimental group of neonatal rats. Increased mitotic activity was noticed in the basal cells and hypertrophic epithelial cells were prominent in the epidermis. Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate, fibrosis and extravasation of the erythrocytes were found in the dermis and hair follicles., Conclusion: Considerable teratogenic effects of nicotine were observed histologically on newborn rat skin.

The dithiocarbamates are known to cause dermatitis, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis and bronchitis in humans. The experimental group received Propineb (obtained from Bayer) concentrations of 400 ppm in distilled water five days a week (treatment time three weeks) administered orally by gasric pit. Acute oral LD50 for male rats has been found to be 8,500 mg/kg (Worthing, 1983). The control group (n = 10) received only distilled water. At ultrasonographical examination, there were no resorbed fetuses or stillborns during or after propineb administration. It can be clearly seen that the body weights of the experimental group of litters are lower than those of the control group (p < 0.001). However, the mean length of the experimental litters was identical to the control group of litters (p > 0.05). Under microscopical examination, increased keratinization and hyperplasia were observed in the epidermal cells.

Background: Clomiphene citrate is chemically related to non-steroidal estrogens, and has antiestrogenic properties. It is used in the treatment of anovulatory female infertility and its therapeutic effect mainly depends on inhibiting the negative feedback effects of endogenous estrogen by stimulating the gonadotropin releasing hormone. Today, it is also used in the treatment of male infertility., Objectives: In this study the effects of clomiphene citrate on skin maturation in neonatal rats were investigated., Methods: Forty Spraque-Dawley female newborn rats were separated into two control and two experimental groups (n = 10). One day after birth. experimental newborn rats were given clomphene citrate subcutaneously in a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day for five days. The first experimental group of rats were anesthetised at 21 days whereas the second experimental group of rats were then anestetised on day 28. Biopsies were taken immediately from the perineal skin. Histopathological assessments were made and compared with their control groups., Results: In both the experimental groups of newborn rats, increased keratinization and irregular hypertrophy were observed in the epidermal cells. Disorganization of the basal layer cells and hyperplasia were found to be more prominent in the first experimental group and dermal fibrosis and lymphohistiocytic inflammatory cell infiltration were especially prominent around the sebaceous glands in the second experimental group., Conclusion: The administration of clomiphene citrate in newborn rats showed impaired skin maturation.

From the first day of birth to the fifth day, daily subcutaneous 100 micrograms tamoxifen (Tx) was injected into new-born male rats. The penises that were taken totally were fixated in 10% formaline, and then they were put in paraffin inclusion. The paraffin sections were stained with Hematoxylen-Eosin, Verhoeff and Triple on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 60. The alterations in the development of glans penis construction were examined. We found that in the glans penis of animals which were given Tx, from the 21st day, the epidermal projections were erased slowly and on the 60th day the epidermal projections and keratinisation completely ceased altogether. As a result, the development of epidermal projections in rats which were given tamoxifen in the neonatal period were hindered.

Clomiphene citrate is a nonsteroid antiestrogen which is widely used in the therapy of receptor-positive estrogen for the induction of ovulation. Clomiphene citrate was given subcutaneously to newly born rats with daily injections of 100 mg/kg for 5 days. Changes caused by the clomiphene citrate in vaginas of female rats were investigated at 28 and 35 days. Depending upon the effect of the clomiphene citrate, histopathological changes such as papillary development at keratinization, increase in vaginal epithelium, and observation of polygonal shaped nodular cells in stroma were considered as important findings. It should be emphasised that clomiphene citrate used for induction of ovulation caused these abnormalities in the vagina of rats.

Clomiphene citrate has estrogenic and teratogenic effects on the developing rat and human fetal genital tract. Clomiphene citrate was given subcutaneously to newly born rats by daily injections of 100 micrograms/kg and changes caused by clomiphene in female rats were investigated at 28 and 35 days. Depending upon the effect of clomiphene citrate, histopathological changes such as the observation of polygonal shaped nodular cells in the uterus epithelium and presence of erythrocytes in free nature in the stroma were considered as important findings.