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Objective:Prospective memory (PM) or "remembering to remember" has been shown to be reduced in Veterans with histories of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), particularly on tasks with high strategic demands such as recalling time-based information in the absence of external cues. This study examined whether time monitoring during a PM task was reduced in Veterans with a history of mTBI and was associated with time-based PM performance. Method:Veterans with a history of mTBI (n = 49) and Veterans without a history of TBI (n = 16) completed the Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST) as a measure of PM during which their time monitoring (i.e. number of clock checks) was recorded. Results:Adjusting for age, education, depression, and PTSD symptoms, negative binomial regression revealed that the mTBI group checked the clock less frequently compared to the control group (Cohen's d = 0.84, p = 0.005). Within the mTBI group, less frequent time monitoring across the entire MIST task was associated with poorer time-based MIST performance (rs =.57, p < 0.001), but not with event-based MIST (rs =.04, p = 0.768). Conclusions:Veterans with a history of mTBI evidenced significantly reduced time monitoring during a PM task compared to Veterans without a history mTBI, which was associated with strategically-demanding PM. Current findings provide that mTBI-associated difficulties with strategic aspects of PM may be due to reduced time monitoring. Future studies are needed to determine if reduced time monitoring also contributes to mTBI-associated PM difficulties in the real-world (e.g. medication non-adherence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Women are becoming more prevalent in clinical neuropsychology, but gender bias and disparities persist across multiple professional domains. This study examined potential gender disparities in historical authorship trends across commonly read journals in clinical neuropsychology. Method: Analyses were conducted on 10,531 articles published in six clinical neuropsychology journals from 1985 to 2019. Each author was coded as either a man or a woman using the OpenGenderTracking Project database. Results: On average, women comprised 43.3% (±30.6) of the authors listed in clinical neuropsychology article bylines and were lead and/or corresponding author on 50.3% of these papers. Findings varied by journal, with Child Neuropsychology having the best representation of women across several study metrics. Women comprised an increasing proportion of authors over time and the gender gap in clinical neuropsychology is smaller than was recently reported for the broader field of psychology; nevertheless, the recent rates of women as authors lag behind the prevalence of women in clinical neuropsychology. Encouragingly, gender was not associated with the number of times an article was cited. Articles that included women in leadership roles had significantly more authors overall and specifically more women authors. Conclusions: Women are under-represented as authors in clinical neuropsychology journals, but they are becoming more common and their papers are cited just as frequently as men. Efforts to increase women as research mentors and sponsors may help to further close the publishing gender gap in clinical neuropsychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Older adults commonly experience declines in everyday functioning, the reasons for which are multifactorial. Prospective memory (PM), or remembering to carry out intended actions, can be an executively demanding cognitive process that declines with older age and is independently associated with a variety of everyday functions (e.g. taking medication). This study examined the hypothesis that PM mediates the relationship between older age and poorer everyday functioning. Method: A total of 468 community-dwelling adults (ages 18–75) with a range of medical comorbidities (e.g. viral infection) were classified as dependent on four well-validated measures of manifest everyday functioning: activities of daily living, employment status, the Karnofsky Scale of Performance Status, and self-reported cognitive symptoms. Participants completed the Memory for Intentions Test (MIsT) to measure PM, alongside clinical tests of executive functions and retrospective memory. Results: Controlling for education and comorbidities, bootstrap analysis revealed a significant direct effect of age on everyday functioning and a significant mediated effect of age on everyday functioning through the indirect effect of time-based b =.006 [.003,.010] and event-based PM (b =.005, [.002,.009]), as well as slightly smaller effects for executive functions (b =.003, [.001,.005]) and retrospective memory (b =.002, [.001,.005]). Conclusions: These cross-sectional data suggest that executively demanding aspects of declarative memory play an important partial mediating role between an individual factor (i.e. age) and daily life activities, and highlight the possible benefit of targeting PM for improving everyday functioning in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated the construct and criterion validity of the source memory (SM) indices within the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II). Method: Participants included 77 individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND+), 287 HIV + neurocognitively normal individuals (HAND−) and 203 seronegative HIV comparisons (HIV−). CVLT-II SM impairment status (normative scores ≤1 standard deviation) was determined using Total Across-List Intrusions and Source Recognition Discriminability (d′). Participants also completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, assessments of everyday functioning and experimental measures of SM. Results: CVLT-II SM impairment was significantly associated with increased errors on experimental SM measures and lower scores on measures of passage recall and executive functions, but not visuospatial skills. In a logistic regression controlling for clinicodemographic factors, CVLT-II SM impairment was a significant independent predictor of HAND, with the HAND + group showing higher rates of SM impairment than both the HAND − and HIV − groups. Finally, CVLT-II SM impairment was significantly related to a composite measure of everyday functioning, but this effect disappeared after adjusting for covariates. Note that, the overall pattern of findings across this study also held when CVLT-3 normative standards were applied to the SM indices. Conclusions: Results provide initial support for the construct and criterion validity of a CVLT-II SM index in the setting of HIV disease. Future studies should examine the validity of CVLT-II SM variables in other neuropsychological populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Prospective memory (PM) is described as the capacity to form and maintain an intention that is executed in response to a specific cue. Neural injury and associated neurocognitive disorders are common among persons living with HIV disease, who might therefore be susceptible to impairment in PM. Method: This literature review utilized a structured qualitative approach to summarize and evaluate our current understanding of PM functioning in people living with HIV disease. 33 studies of PM in HIV+ persons met criteria for inclusion. Results: Findings showed that HIV is associated with moderate deficits in PM, which appear to be largely independent of commonly observed comorbid factors. The pattern of PM deficits reveals dysregulation of strategic processes that is consistent with the frontal systems pathology and associated executive dysfunction that characterizes HIV-associated neural injury. The literature also suggests that HIV-associated PM deficits present a strong risk of concurrent problems in a wide range of health behaviors (e.g. medication non-adherence) and activities of daily living (e.g. employment). Early attempts to improve PM in HIV disease have revealed that supporting strategic processes might be effective for some individuals. Conclusions: HIV-associated PM deficits are common and exert a significant adverse effect on the daily lives and health of infected persons. Much work remains to be done to understand the cognitive architecture of HIV-associated PM deficits and the most efficient means to enhance PM functioning and improve health outcomes in persons living with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the combined effects of age and HIV infection on the risk of incident neurocognitive disorders.Method: A total of 146 neurocognitively normal participants were enrolled at baseline into one of four groups based on age (≤40 years and ≥50 years) and HIV serostatus resulting in 24 younger HIV−, 27 younger HIV+, 39 older HIV−, and 56 older HIV+ individuals. All participants were administered a standardized clinical neuropsychological battery at baseline and 14.3 ± .2 months later.Results: A logistic regression predicting incident neurocognitive disorders from HIV, age group, and their interaction was significant (χ2[4] = 13.56,p = .009), with a significant main effect of HIV serostatus (χ2[1] = 5.01,p = .025), but no main effect of age or age by HIV interaction (ps > .10). Specifically, 15.7% of the HIV+ individuals had an incident neurocognitive disorder as compared to 3.2% of the HIV− group (odds ratio = 4.8 [1.2, 32.6]). Among older HIV+ adults, lower baseline cognitive reserve, prospective memory, and verbal fluency each predicted incident neurocognitive disorders at follow-up.Conclusions: Independent of age, HIV infection confers a nearly fivefold risk for developing a neurocognitive disorder over approximately one year. Individuals with lower cognitive reserve and mild weaknesses in higher-order neurocognitive functions may be targeted for closer clinical monitoring and preventative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]