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Treatment resistance in psychiatric disorders has led to the development of new therapies, among which the neuromodulation techniques. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is not responsive to first-line treatments in 40-60% of patients. In its pathophysiology, specific neural networks are known to be involved, which can be selectively targeted by means of neuromodulation techniques. Among these, transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation are very promising, both for their clinical effi cacy and for their ease of use. The combination of neuromodulation and cognitive-behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention has shown to be very effective even in very refractory patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]