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Passive inhalation of chloramphenicol (CAP) and untimely intake of riboflavin (RF) can cause damage to physical function. The quantitative detection of these two substances is conducive to monitoring human health, while a method for detecting these two substances at the same time has not been reported. In this paper, an efficient sensor for simultaneous detection of RF and CAP by culturing molybdenum disulfide nanosheets on nitrogen-doped seaweed-derived porous carbon (N-PC@MoS 2) has been prepared. The introduction of N-PC improved the conductivity of the composite and reduced the agglomeration of the MoS 2 nanosheets to guarantee the exposure of more catalytic sites. Consequently, the composite material represented improved electrochemical performance and the ideal simultaneous detection of CAP and RF was achieved in the linear range of 10 ~ 500 μM. In addition, the sensor has been proven to have sufficient stability and anti-interference, which makes it potential in practical applications. This work also noticed the reaction sites and activities of RF and CAP prediction through orbit-weighted dual descriptor, providing a direction for an in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism of target molecules at the electrode interface. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]