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This paper focuses on the concept of the impact area as the intersection between the common issues of the personal agenda and the public agenda. Expanding the concept of agenda-setting effects, which focuses mainly on the relation between the public and media agendas, we have examined the congruity of the public agenda and the personal agenda as a contingent condition for the strength of these effects. The concept also distinguishes between the top-priority issues of the public and personal agendas, setting out that the general public's search for information about these top-priority issues highlights the need for orientation. We used data from Spain to focus on the national elections (2011, 2015 and 2019), plus the beginning of the pandemic (2020). The study includes a content analysis of the El País daily newspaper for the four periods and a variety of surveys and representative electoral barometers. To those data we have added an analysis of the main search topics on Google Trends for each of the four years. The results reveal that variations in the relationship between the public and personal agendas are linked to the strength of the agenda-setting effect between the media and public agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of artificial intelligence on people’s lives is demonstrated today. Previous literature has shown that the use of a specific technology is directly linked to the individuals’ intention to use it. The aim of this paper is to study the factors that determine the adoption and use of artificial intelligence and big data in Spain, using a research model based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), proposed by Venkatesh et al. (2003). This work addresses the specific gap in the validation of the original theoretical model of UTAUT in two dimensions, with respect to the adoption of artificial intelligence by citizens and with respect to the factors that influence this adoption, evaluating the previous ones and proposing some new ones considering the current context. The methodology used is based on a national survey, and it analyzes the research model using the statistical technique of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), which details the mediating and moderating relationships between constructs. The results show that Intention to Use has a direct positive influence on the Use of artificial Intelligence and big data, confirming previous literature. Performance Expectancy is the strongest predictor of Intention to Use, and indirectly of the adoption of artificial intelligence and big data applications. Effort Expectancy, in its application to the adoption of AI and big data by citizens, is an indirect determinant mediated by the Intention to Use, but its total effect (direct + indirect) is not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consolidation of digital television via subscription video on demand (SVOD) services has created an unprecedented increase in the consumption of serialised TV shows, which has had direct consequences on the content production sector. Faced with an increasingly demanding, hyperconnected and discerning audience and a supply of content never previously seen, television production and distribution strategies are involved in a process of change and adaptation. This paper seeks to analyse the production of Spanish television series created to be distributed on SVOD platforms. The aim is to know the role that production companies play in the creation of television series for SVOD so as to identify strategies and cooperative alliances between production companies and platforms and to detect possible patterns and trends in the operations of the audiovisual market. Using a mixed methodology that combines quantitative study with qualitative data analysis, the 88 Spanish TV series and miniseries that premiered on SVOD platforms from 2016 to 2021 are analysed, taking as a starting point the year in which these platforms began operating in Spain. The results confirm a trend towards cooperation between independent production companies and the platforms themselves, while no presence of in-house production is observed. Likewise, the atomisation of the role of production companies in the context of SVOD is shown, a phenomenon that already existed in generalist television production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent and spread of social networking sites have been the object of study of most of the research performed on political communication over the past 25 years. However, more recent inquiries have indicated that the political establishment still has not fully exploited the interactive potential of these media. Against this backdrop, this paper presents the results of a systematic study of the communication between the main political parties in Andalusia (the most populous region in Spain) and the citizenry on Twitter, with the aim of confirming whether or not it is really interactive and participatory. To this end, the spotlight is placed here on those parties most active online and on the way in which they foster interactivity, the subjects that they broach and the functions of their messages. The data were obtained from a content analysis of the tweets (n = 10,729) posted on the official profiles of the main Andalusian parties in 2020. The results indicate that there was no interactive communication with the citizenry, despite the fact that they were in much need of reassurance owing to the unprecedented situation to which the COVID-19 pandemic had given rise. The Andalusian political parties still use social networking sites for the one-way dissemination of information, which shows that they are not, in practice, horizontal and participatory spaces of communication, as the cyber-optimists, defending the innovation hypothesis, predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defence diplomacy and public diplomacy are two diplomatic practices often treated in the literature as two disconnected realms. While the former focuses on the peaceful and cooperative use of armed forces, the latter emphasizes on the advancement of strategic communication in the international policy of actors. However, it is possible to bridge the differences between the two using the concept of soft power. By doing so, defence public diplomacy can be understood as a set of practices developed by states seeking to influence and attract third states while employing military force within these parameters. This paper contributes firstly to the conceptual debate bridging both types of diplomacies. Secondly, it selects a case study, Spain, to examine the perceptions of three different Spanish elites involved in the formulation and implementation of defence public policy: politicians, the military and defence industry managers. This paper adopts a qualitative methodology, including in-depth interviews, focus groups with experts, and manual content analysis of primary documentary sources. The results show that these elites agree on the importance of defence diplomacy for the achievement of state goals but continue to understand it fundamentally from a classical diplomatic prism. They also discuss the inclusion of new concepts, such as deterrence, as part of a defence public diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years we have witnessed a resurgence of populism, which has relied on the virality of social networks to deepen its roots in society and spread its ideas. This paper analyses the populist strategies used by all parties to viralise their messages in the online environment, regardless of ideology. The present research has also examined the possible existence of complementary strategies used by the parties' organisational profiles and those of their leaders. To this end, a content analysis has been carried out regarding the publications made on Twitter during the 2019 election campaign. The posts have been delimited to those made by the parties and candidates that attained the highest percentage of representation in the Congress of Deputies, which include the PSOE, PP, Vox, and Unidas Podemos. The findings show that all the parties under study resorted to this type of strategy. The parties closest to centre of the political spectrum, both right and left, used mostly a populist strategy aimed predominantly at attacking their adversaries, while Vox and Unidas Podemos articulated their discourse beyond this argument, with Vox appealing to the emotions of the nation and Podemos positioning itself as the peoples' advocate. Furthermore, a complementary strategy used by both the parties and their leaders has been identified, which fosters the expansion of these kinds of populist ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aims to shed a critical light on the moral panic surrounding multiple-perpetrator rape (MPR) in Spain, by exploring the interplay between official statistics of this type of crime, and the depiction in the media. The concordance between media representation and the statistical reality of crime raises questions: (1) how multiple perpetrator assault and its assailants are represented in media narratives (content analysis) is examined, including the content, framing, and underlying themes within the media coverage, with a particular emphasis on the role of nationality, and (2) this representation is compared to official crime statistics (Ministry of Home Affairs report on crimes against sexual freedom and indemnity in Spain (detentions/accused) and the statistics of the sentences passed by various Spanish Provincial Courts between 2005 and 2020 from criminal justice data), and to what extent, they align. If they do not align, do news portrayals influence a moral panic? In conclusion, the idea of tabloid justice (Fox et al., 2001) is not present in the three largest Spanish daily newspapers from 2005 to 2021. There is a misrepresentation of non-Spanish nationalities having the highest rates, Romanians being underrepresented and the French being overrepresented. Media coverage perceives tourists as a certain danger, and is questioning the idea of certain non-Spanish immigrants as 'folk devils.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current transitions towards fair and sustainable models of social and economic relations represents a vital process for the maintenance of the ecosystems and the ways of inhabiting them. This paper is an empirical and epistemological study whose aim is to consider how to develop a responsible communication strategy with the eco-transitions sector. We take a specific region of Spain, Castilla-La Mancha, as a field of experimentation and case study. The analysis is based on a sample of 55 active eco-transition projects, out of a total census of 156. Our position assumes that communication strategy goes through several phases. Firstly, access to empirical and census-based knowledge of this sector; secondly, establishing a type of indicator that can measure the functioning and internal dynamics of these entities in terms of eco-transition; and thirdly, the expansion of responsible, realistic and proactive media coverage, which can encourage messages that contribute to an ever-increasing number of people moving towards eco-social issues. In order to measure the "internal health" of these entities, including the "communication environment," we have elaborated and implemented the Eco-Transition Indicator (ETI), a measurement tool that allows us to place a project or initiative within a frame leading towards fair and sustainable models of social and economic relations. While the sector shows good "health" in some aspects, the results point very clearly to the need to strengthen the communicative strategy of the eco-transition initiatives and projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the compliance of Spanish crime reporting with the principles of the 2016 EU Directive on presumption of innocence, which aims at preventing the publication of information that might bias the public and the jurors against the suspect. A content analysis applied to a sample of 200 crime news stories published by eleven of the most popular print and online news platforms in 2018 reveals that the Spanish press coverage of crime is centered around the pre-trial and sentence stages, with little attention to the oral trial. The full name and the face portrait of the suspect appear in roughly one-third of the stories, but this overwhelmingly happens in news stories reporting on the court's decision, so that the presumption of innocence is generally protected. Interestingly, the legacy media are more likely to report on the victim's full name and the crime details that online digital media. One-fourth of the stories include accusations of guilt, as prosecutor attorneys and other officials are more frequently cited than defense lawyers. Although the Spanish press is largely compliant with the recommendations of the EU Directive, the lack of attention to the oral phase, where the arguments of both parts are deployed and contrasted, leads to a bias in the coverage against the suspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospitals make increasingly more use of social media. The basic hypothesis of this study is that the more developed the health care services of a country are, the higher the communicative activity of its hospitals will be on social media. Moreover, the highest presence and activity on social media will be associated with the most prestigious hospitals in countries with fewer economic resources. The presence of the most prestigious hospitals in both Colombia and Spain on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram are analyzed in this paper to either refute or to accept these hypotheses. Both countries have similar populations, but their economic and health care services differ greatly. The degree of activity on these platforms, the participation of Internet users, and the reputation of the hospitals are also studied. In total, 165 profiles are analyzed. The results are processed in a statistical software program and various tests establish whether there are significant relations. It was observed that the level of health-care services of the country was not correlated with the presence and activity of the hospitals on social media, nor with the interaction of Internet users. In addition, a correlation between social-media presence and reputation was detected in the country with the most developed health-care services (Spain). In conclusion, the fact that a country has more health-care resources neither implies that its hospitals have either a greater presence or are more active on social media, nor that the public interact more with those hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the evolution of non-daily current affairs formats -other than the news- in the prime time of Spanish generalist television between 1990 and 2016. Analysing the programming content of six channels (TVE, La2, Antena 3, Telecinco, Cuatro and La Sexta), we have studied the presence, typology and strategies of the programmers to incorporate them into the offer of prime time. The longitudinal sample allows us to detect the tendencies that have influenced the audiovisual treatment of the non-daily current affairs information in the most competitive television time slot. The result of the analysis shows that the most important topics on current affairs such as politics, or the economy, have been integrated into the prime time. In addition, there has been a recovery of analytical genres such as the television reportage to explain topics of current interest. This new informative offer, much more innovative in the treatment, has enabled new programming strategies to be applied to the non-daily current affairs formats in order to improve their profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, digital feminism has been prominent in the international public sphere and the massive release of individual testimonies of violence against women has had an important presence on social media. In Spain, the reaction to the judicial sentence of the La Manada case, which only convicted the five men accused of abuse, rather than rape, provoked a public outrage that was negotiated on social networks and was later displayed in mass demonstrations across the country. The aim of this study is to analyze the reaction that took place on Twitter on the day of the ruling of the sentence (26 April 2018) and how the dominant frames were initiated and stabilized on Twitter. With a sample of almost 500.000 tweets, the posts achieving most retweets per hour and the most salient media objects (including hashtags, visual content and links) have been analyzed based on the framing theory. Media objects have been explored through flowcharts allowing the visualization of the evolution of the dominant messages. The results show a hegemonic conversation on Twitter against the ruling of the court with a high presence of feminist demands. Furthermore, the analysis of the evolution of the main frames shows that the different Twitter affordances allow rapidity in the negotiation of the dominant messages. This paper contributes to the understanding of the articulation of framing from a complex perspective including media objects such as images and URLs that broaden the layers of meaning of the Twitter discourse on collective actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Communication & Society is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reports on a conceptual and empirical analysis conducted to determine the degree to which economic and financial news published by two of Spain's foremost daily newspapers, El País and El Mundo, may have been spectacularized through the use of infotainment techniques and strategies. Researchers postulated at the outset of this study that spectacularization takes place at every phase of the crafting of a news item and that agenda setting, framing and the selection of information sources, narrative devices, and language constitute strategic points in the process that can be oriented towards transforming news into an appealing and easy-to-consume product. Content analysis was used to examine coverage these papers provided during May and June 2012 of a bailout of Spain's banking sector that entailed a partial government takeover of Bankia, the country's fourth-largest bank in terms of assets, an event that marked one of tensest moments in the country's long economic crisis. Findings indicate that the use of infotainment strategies in now common in economic reporting –the hard news core of the quality press– and that leading newspapers not only employ framing techniques associated with this genre such as dramatization, personalisation, emotionalism, and speculation but also rely heavily on journalistic subjectivity rather than expert sources of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the information sources used in a large corpus of news items published in Spanish printed newspapers between 1618 and 1635. The initial aim is to determine how information credibility was constructed in both historical and rhetorical terms. To this end, the rhetorical construction of credibility in the news stories are analysed by focusing on the information sources that these reveal or conceal. And in order to determine whether or not these sources were deliberately concealed, the frequency with which 'on deep background' attribution appears is examined. The methodological approach on which this study is based is Historical News Discourse, which applies the conclusions and methods of critical discourse analysis to newspapers of the past, in addition to contextualising and explaining the results in terms of journalism history and communication approaches (Conboy, Brownlees and Broersma, among others). In this work, we contend that the discourse analysis of the first printed newspapers is essential for gaining further insights into how the journalistic profession consolidated its position in Spain thanks to a new form of auctoritas based on discourse competence. The gazetteer or journalist emerged as a new kind of writer, whose credibility and reputation depended on his ability to access, organise and reveal -according to rhetorical patterns recognisable to readers- the information sources available to him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of televised sports content in Spain, chiefly football, has led to a growth in research in recent last years. Many studies have addressed this phenomenon from a variety of perspectives, including television-programming strategy, the business management relationship between television and sports, the battle for broadcasting rights or the elaboration of a television message through different broadcasting techniques. This paper seeks to add to the debate on this topic through a detailed analysis of the audience ratings of sports content aired on Spanish television channels with a nationwide coverage. To this end, we analyse the complete audience measurement data from the first period of private commercial television in Spain (1993-2010) in order to determine the most important characteristics of sports content and their true impact on audience ratings. To achieve this aim, we analysed 4,000 statistical entries from Sofres/Kantar Media's "Anuario de audiencias de television" [Audience Yearbook] and cross referenced and studied information from more than 2,300 sport broadcasts. The results of this research underpin the role of live football broadcasts, which accounted for more than 50% of the most successful television content during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to compare and analyse the differences in the use of Twitter that, Partido Popular, as a traditional political party, and Ahora Madrid, as a new political party, make of the institutional channels for the public institutions that they administer. In addition, the present study analyses three different periods in the electoral process: the pre-campaign, campaign and post-campaign during the Spanish general elections of December 20th, 2015 in order to see if the election periods caused changes in their communications on Twitter. The sample consists of four cases divided into two groups for content analysis. On one hand, the Government's Twitter profile (@desdelamoncloa) and of its ruling party, Partido Popular (@ppopular), comprise the old political group, while the Madrid City Council (@Madrid) and its ruling party, Ahora Madrid (@AhoraMadrid), are integrated into the new political group. Additionally, word clouds provide a visual representation of the main terms used by each group. The study results show which group uses and better leverages Twitter's potential, in that Partido Popular and Moncloa have clearer differences between party and institutional channels, while Ahora Madrid and the Madrid City Council do not seem to be as clear about the difference between the two concepts and use the party channel as the city council channel. However, the results demonstrate that the new political profile leverages Twitter's potential more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The representation of women in advertising creative departments has been studied worldwide. The findings have shown a low representation that does not favor the emergence of a critical mass of women, who could contribute with alternative visions to make advertising more inclusive. The underrepresentation, above all, occurs in managerial positions where they do not usually reach 35%. This study aims to update and report quantitatively on the phenomenon of the glass ceiling in Spain. In addition, in order to contextualize the level of segregation, these departments are compared with available international data. The results of a content analysis of the credit forms of 839 Spanish campaigns published in 2019 (a sample of 1,311 creatives) revealed gender dynamics, with a balanced starting group of creatives in nonmanagerial positions (just over 40% are women), but a figure of just 18% of women in managerial roles A higher glass ceiling effect was also found when European and global data were compared. The results analyzed through the perspective of the proportional representation theory (Kanter, 1977a, 1977b, 1987), suggest the need to raise awareness of gender inequalities within creative departments; this would foster the equality demanded by today’s society, of which advertising should not be oblivious [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media and terrorism is an area that has attracted researchers' attention in looking at the strategic dimensions of framing. This paper combines both Entman's framing theory (and his 'cascading activation' model for analysis of framing contests) with a dramatistic approach to rhetoric (the Burkean concepts of the pentad and ratios) to see whether connections can be made that help provide a better understanding of the phenomenon of interactions between politicians' words and media reactions to those words. Speeches given by the Spanish Prime Minister and the official opposition in reaction to a terrorist attack in Madrid are analysed. Our empirical analysis shows a highly fragmented capacity for cultural resonance, and a 'two sided context' with two very different interpretations of the situation. Our findings demonstrate that an appreciation of the dramatistic approach to rhetoric enhances our comprehension of people's motives for adopting or rejecting the different frames used by leaders (politicians and the media) as they seek to frame issues for a range of purposes. They also suggest that combining approaches from the humanities and the social sciences by emphasizing motives as a key variable for the dynamics of framing contests might open up interesting avenues for research on framing as also on the relations between symbols and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents research into the journalistic treatment of the escrache phenomenon led by the anti-eviction movement in Spain in 2013. For this purpose, an analytical model has been constructed that helps to understand how the mass media, the social elite, social movements and the virtual public sphere interact in the public opinion process. Based on this analytical model and using frame theory, the coverage of escraches by two Spanish newspapers, El País and La Vanguardia, is analysed, comparing it with the main statements made by the spokespersons of the movement, and the social elite. The results confirm the hypothesis: the social elite sets the predominant overall frame for the journalistic treatment of the phenomenon. The escraches case, however, is exceptional in that the argument frames proposed by the movement acquired a greater degree of 'legitimacy' than those proposed by the elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most young people today are digital natives where the use of new media, is issued by the participation in a creative way and with a high degree of interaction. The emergence of tools making it easy without having high digital skills, has led the grown of prosumers. The aim of the paper is the analysis of the different profiles of this typology of users within the Madriduniversities and its interest is settle not only to inquire about the convergent use of technology but also if their interests and motivations really focus on the consumption of new media content or if they participate in a creative way through new technologies, establishing new patterns that enhance interactivity and new business models in media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Communication & Society is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research addresses the use of crowdfunding platforms for the development of video games in Spain. It is part of the group of platform-centred research in order to develop a quantitative analysis of the data contained in them. Specifically, the data provided by Kickstarter for Spanish video game development projects is analysed. Normality tests indicated that the variables do not follow a normal distribution, hence non-parametric tests were used. The success rate of Spanish campaigns is 28.4% for the total number of cases, 40.8% in 2020, which is a steady growth since 2015. The average funding is €16,586.76, €50,056.67 for successful campaigns; however, the median indicates that 50% of the sample does not exceed €1,653 in funding. Regression models are used to develop equations to calculate the amount of funding needed to publish on PC and console, and the number of backers needed to achieve a given amount of funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of a country conveyed by the international media is increasingly important in a globalised and interdependent world. Some of these international outlets have a special role to play in this process, and the British weekly The Economist is certainly one of them. For more than a century and a half, the publication founded by James Wilson in 1843 has been a reference for politicians, opinion leaders and businessmen around the world. For this reason, it is of particular interest to understand the magazine's special way of contextualising news events in different latitudes from the perspective of each country's 'national character.' From this perspective, we analyze the image of Spain offered by The Economist throughout its history from the understanding of the interest that has always had for the professionals of the British weekly the interpretation of current affairs in the context of the so-called 'national character' of a country. After the thematic analysis of nine supplements on Spain published by the weekly between 1972 and 2018, six features have been highlighted that would consistently configure the 'national character' of this country for the weekly. These six traits are: a country in transition; a diverse country; a festive, hospitable and tolerant country; a country with an inefficient administration; a country with a weak economy; and an artistic and unscientific country. A better understanding of these stable features can be of great importance for better managing a country's international projection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of Latino print media in Spain has coincided with the demographic increase of Latin American immigrants in the country since the early 1990s. Starting with one publication in 1992, the market started to grow in 2003 and reached its peak in 2007 with the edition of more than 100 titles. The advertising crisis of 2008 ended this trend, and the number of publications began a continuous and permanent decline in the following years despite a demographic recovery of Latin Americans in Spain after 2016. This research presents a quantitative analysis of the contents of 1,500 news items from 14 Latino newspapers and magazines that survived the 2008 advertising downfall. Six of these 14 media outlets continue publishing in 2023. The objective of this study is to show the connections between the contents of the analyzed Latino print media and the cultural identities of their readers. The results show that the prevalent themes related to culture, society and politics represent the identities of their Latino readers. Latino publications give visibility to Latinos as the protagonists of their contents. In addition, the origin of the protagonists shows the wide range of Latin American countries in correlation with the diverse Latin American origins of the readers. We discuss the implications of these findings within the volatile context of Latino print media in Spain, the growing Latin American demographics, and the formation of diverse Latino identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses how the four candidates for prime minister in the 2016 Spanish general elections interacted with journalists and media professionals via Twitter, a social media platform considered by various experts (Bakshy el al.. 2011) to be a "natural laboratory" for the study of patterns of information dissemination. NodeXL software, a well known open source social network analysis tool (Hansen el al., 2010), w as used to capture activity corresponding to Twitter accounts maintained by these candidates and to identify the protagonists of online dialogues maintained during the election campaign as w ell as the characteristics and content of the messages they exchanged. Semantic relationships in the text and hashtags present in tweets were examined carefully in order to identify patterns of meaning. Findings indicate that the four politicians in question made a minimal effort to interact with journalists and media professionals via Twitter during the run-up to the 2016 elections. Analysis reveals that all used their Twitter accounts as an additional means of promoting their candidacies and publicizing party-related activities rather than a forum for discussing issues in depth. None appeared to be willing to enter into debates with journalists or the media through this particular social networking platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than two decades after printed newspapers began to be threatened by digital formats, it seems appropriate to study the current situation both in terms of the production and updating of content and the way in which they attract and retain readers who predominantly prefer social networks. This process not only affects the media since everything is becoming digital: books, appliances, shopping and, above all, lifestyle. And adapting to new environments is becoming more difficult than in other industrial revolutions. The objective of this paper is to analyse some of the causes that have brought newspapers to this situation that negatively affects not only editors but everyone working in the media, and that study suppose to the calculation of the number of most active updates, hours, week and the sections within the digital newspapers. In addition to the technological challenges, this article shall also assess the reading environment, the difficulty that newspapers have, digital formats included, in attracting the attention of readers, who have their own perception of the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the existence of obvious changes in the way of understanding brand communication in Spain. To this end, we drew from an initial theoretical framework, based on a bibliographic review of the brand concept, from the point of view of communication, social trends and brand experience. Furthermore, we proposed a qualitative analysis method, in which groups of experts in communication participated, both in focus groups and in questionnaires, following the Delphi method. The results obtained were cross-referenced in order to analyze the coincidences and differences stemming from the use of both techniques. The main conclusion that may be drawn is the existence of two strands of opinion regarding brand communication, namely, a renewal-oriented vision and an adaptive vision: while the adaptive vision understands that agents, structures and processes are shaped to accommodate the digital world, the renewal-oriented vision states that brands and media have built a new playing field, thus defining new rules. Adaptive vision favors the observation of targeting capabilities to reach different profiles or groups, while the the renewal-oriented vision finds it preferable to speak of customization, and ad hoc content, as it assumes the existence of a new model that defines the new communicative reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research carries out an analysis of the websites published by MENA countries' embassies with a presence in Spain, in order to understand whether they practice digital diplomacy. Such activity is a low-cost, wide-ranging public diplomacy tool. The analysis covers a two-year period (2020-2022) that coincides with the Covid-19 pandemic, a context that prompted the digitization of many sectors. The article contributes to the literature on Arab and Israeli digital diplomacy, as well as on digital diplomacy as practiced by embassies. Specifically, this exploratory analysis examines the webpages and published press notes of four countries' embassies, including Saudi Arabia, Israel, Morocco, and Qatar. These countries were chosen because they have the most robust websites in Spanish, together with the fact that they were the MENA countries whose governments pioneered the use of Twitter as an instrument of digital diplomacy. The article examines the topics and interpretations provided by the press notes published on these embassies' websites. A discourse analysis methodology with references to the original sources is applied. Topics and interpretations are classified into four types of public diplomacy: media diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, niche diplomacy and nation branding. The conclusion is that the MENA countries studied neglect digital diplomacy on their websites in Spain, missing out on the opportunities it represents. The apparently four most digitized embassies in this group have errors on their webpages and often only publish messages from their respective foreign ministries, focusing on regional and internal issues rather than on their bilateral relationship with Spain. This is especially true of Saudi Arabia and Qatar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The launch of Disney+ in Spain in March 2020 coincided with the Covid-19 pandemic and a period of home confinement for many Spaniards. This study examines the advertising and engagement strategy used by Disney+ on Twitter and Instagram, analyzing 2,268 messages. The platform's social media use is similar to that of its competitors, with Twitter used for user engagement and Instagram used for content promotion. However, the study finds that the platform missed the opportunity to emphasize its unique qualities and appeal to the brand's values. Despite this, Disney+ generated significant engagement during its launch month, reflecting high levels of user anticipation. Popular original productions such as The Mandalorian and Aladdin, as well as acquired content like The Simpsons, indicate the brand's focus on a family or broad-spectrum target audience, in contrast to the younger and niche audiences favored by its competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is broad consensus on the idea that Twitter, an online communication tool for campaigning, is significantly impacting the interaction between political candidates and citizens (Pannelee & Richard, 2011; Enli & Skogerbo, 2013; Kruikemeier et. al., 2013). Despite the importance of the strategic use of framing tweets on followers' opinions, framing approach research applied to microblogging requires further investigation on national and local contexts. This research explores the extent to which candidates (at a local context) use Twitter as a tool for campaigning, in order to identify main frames that describe the strategic use of Twitter for online campaigning. Following framing scholars suggestions (Dimitrova & Stromback, 2012; Cappella & Jamieson, 1997; Patterson, 1993) and other recent contributions related to the use of framing in Twitter (Pannelee & Bichard, 2012; Zamora & Zurutuza, 2014; Naaman et. al, 2010; Vergeer et. al. 2013), this paper develops a quantitative approach using tweets content analysis to empirically test the strategic use of generic frames made by each...? Findings points to a different priority of each frame by considering that candidates mostly used two generic frames: 'Me Now'/selfpromotion and political information source, to seek political engagement. Other generic frames, like media validation and personal frame, where less important. Conclusions show that the use of Twitter for campaigning is still replicating old patterns of broadcast media, instead of social media, based on a one-way communication model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2005 Unesco Diversity Convention was an inflexion point regarding protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions. In the current global context, developing cultural policies and measures to nurture such creativity becomes key issue. Moreover, in the case of small communities in a minority situation where the cultural and language situation cannot produce the means to sustain autonomously, it is crucial to drive national supporting mechanisms to reduce the brutal imbalance in flows and transnational culture exchanges, and guarantee its survival. As part of the cultural production, the audiovisual sector is of double importance; besides its positive impact on the economic sphere it plays a core role in the social construction. In fact, they are both mutually reinforcing aspects. Cinema in particular, it should not be well considered only for a local giving; it is also beneficial in terms of brining commonly held values, particular circumstances and knowledge all over the world. Films do contribute to reflect the global cultural diversity. This paper aims to explain how public cultural bodies currently interpret and translate national cultural policy into film schemes in the Spanish context. Particularly, it will look into how Catalan, Basque and Galician institutions set out to plan, develop, implement and evaluate their film policies in order to establish a national film industry with their cultural and identity specificities (nation and language). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Communication & Society is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Communication & Society is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Communication & Society is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article herein presents the results of a research study focused on the evolution of reportage in the Spanish press over a span of four decades. This is the first longitudinal study covering such an extensive period (1982-2018) with regard to this narrative journalistic genre, through publications in La Vanguardia and ABC, the two oldest national newspapers in Spain. The aim of the study is to discover how the genre has evolved in recent decades, in terms of authorship, length, section in which it is published, headlines, visual and complementary elements, and the degree of hybridisation with other journalistic genres. Based on a quantitative and qualitative methodology, a sample was analysed using the constructed week sampling technique (N=346 issues). The results obtained show an increase in the amount and general length of the reports published from the year 2000 onward, as well as a tendency toward hybridisation with genres such as the crónica and the news report. However, there is no evidence of a commitment to narrative aspects. The increase in pagination has been fostered by the incorporation of visual and design elements, while the Society section continues to have the highest share of reportage pieces. Most of the reportage items analysed were bylined by one person, who were predominantly men, which suggests a gender gap in the authorship of prestigious journalistic genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to be forgotten is one of the hallmarks of privacy regulation on the Internet. The article explores the arguments advocating for a right to be forgotten specifically in cases regarding children, and examines whether minors see the need for such a right. In doing so, it addresses criticism that children's rights studies often fail to consider the views of minors. The methodology adopted consists firstly of a literary review on children's right to be forgotten. This work was complemented by a survey of 652 children and teenagers between the ages of 13 and 18, from all Spanish regions, which offered evidence of their views on the right to be forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of e-commerce and the ageing of the world population converges in a situation which represents significant challenges for the economy: a large population of over 65year-olds with major limitations for online shopping. The digital division, although reduced in certain sectors, in others, such as ecommerce persists. This research involves the study of 405 subjects, Spanish seniors aged between 60 and 79, to discover and analyse the barriers, motivators and behaviour with regards to shopping online. Using a telephone survey and a random sample, a typology of users was established as per their behaviour and perception of e-commerce. The main finding is the segmentation in eleven typologies of users, identified through cluster analysis. The major conclusions confirm the barriers related to data security or levels of confidence. Furthermore, with basic digital skills, seniors consider themselves capable of completing purchases on the Internet. Online shoppers feel empowered being digitally self-sufficient, while non-shoppers desiring to be independent, require the implementation of measures to aid the process on commercial websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facebook's advertising platform provides political parties with an electoral tool that enables them to reach an extremely detailed audience. Unlike television, the sponsored content on Facebook is seen only by the targeted users. This opacity was an obstacle to political communications research until Facebook released advertiser-sponsored content in 2018. The company's new transparent policy included sharing metadata related to the cost and number of impressions the ads received. This research studies the content sponsored on Facebook by the five main national political parties in Spain during the two General Elections held in 2019. The research corpus consists of 14,684 Facebook ads. An extraction algorithm detected the key terms in the text-based messages conveyed in the ad. The prominence of these topics was estimated from the aggregate number of impressions accumulated by each term. Different content patterns were assessed following three categories: user mobilization, candidate presence, and ideological issues. PSOE and PP positioned themselves more toward calls to action. Podemos had the greater number of issues related to policy among the most salient topics in its advertising. Ciudadanos' strategy focused more on its candidate and mobilization. Vox sponsored few Facebook ads, and they barely included policy issues. Spain was a highly prominent term in all parties' campaigns. Ciudadanos shared the middle ground on the ideological axis: they promoted social issues more aligned with left-wing parties as well as economic topics usually advocated by the right-wing. Overall, our results point to a greater emphasis on candidates rather than issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the main Spanish newsrooms structure news production in the digital convergence from a quantitative approach. The data come from a nationwide survey applied to 30 editors-in-chief of Spain's leading newspapers, radios, televisions, and digital natives. We study the newsroom size, news sections weight, freelancers, news agencies, and gender with multivariable analysis. We found that the gender gap has been overcome, and women are mostly in newsrooms (61%). Despite progress, women continue to have higher levels of unemployment and keep facing a glass ceiling in accessing the top positions. They just account for only 6.6% of the editors-in-chief in the sample. Likewise, we found a correlation between female journalists and the Society news section size. Findings suggest a specific news production organization by analyzing newsroom journalistic practice. Politics (23%) is the main news section and in decreasing order of importance: Society (18.5%), Business (16.5%), Sport (16.5%), International (14%) and Culture (11.5%). The average newsroom has between 101 and 300 journalists, with less than 20% freelancers. The media industry demands a polyvalent journalist. Skills, abilities, and competencies that different professionals previously developed now converge in a single professional with a polyvalent and multitasking profile. We found that it is a widespread journalistic practice in most TV outlets for reporters to work for several daily editions of newscasts (midday and night) and even provide news content for other organization shows. Journalists no longer work for a specific section, not even for a news show, but they now work for the entire organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period January–April 2013, the Basque press covered what at first seemed to be only a local scandal sparked by the detection of horsemeat in processed food labelled in Great Britain and Ireland as containing only beef but quickly became an issue that implicated companies throughout Europe. The findings of this study show that Basque newspapers used interpretative reporting, opinion pieces and in-house journalism drawing heavily on “close" sources to frame this situation in terms of its potential economic and political impact in the Basque Country. The research reported in this article was carried out as part of a more extensive university-civil society research project focusing on media coverage of food safety issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyse the composition of partisan agendas during the Spanish General Election campaign 2011 and their sponsorship by different media actors (both traditional and digital), through a methodological approach that consists of content analysis applied to a corpus of 168 news pieces. Our goal is to empirically assess if the polarized pluralism of the Spanish media system leads traditional media outlets to adopt and disseminate the issue priorities emphasized by the political parties that belong to their respective ideological spheres. Moreover, this study examines if the Spanish political blogosphere is influenced by partisan agendas during the electoral campaign. The results show that while traditional newspapers clearly sponsor partisan agendas in their editorials, political blogs tend to promote a significantly more independent and open thematic debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During lockdown, as a consequence of the coronavirus crisis in 2020, the majority of Spanish people (70% of social media users) were exposed to a social media consumer space: news without journalistic filters, with a multitude of fake data and a systematic existence of misinformation that has had a close relationship with the perception of credibility. 1,000 surveys were conducted between March 30 and April 30, in Spain. This work describes the consumption patterns of political parties in social networking sites, describing the facts that determine to what extent Spanish people trust the news they receive. The amount of information consumed online, age and the party identification with Vox and Ciudadanos are the most relevant communicative, structural or political variables that explain the increase or decrease in the credibility of the information that Spaniards receive through these channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of the main discourses that appear in a sample of Spanish newspapers before and after the arrival of the Aquarius at the port of Valencia in June 2018, in order to observe if there is a solidarity discourse or one that rejects the arrival of the rescued immigrants in Spain. The corpus consists of all the news published from June 10 to July 10, 2018 in the electronic version of the Spanish newspapers ABC, El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia. The methodology is mainly qualitative-descriptive. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was chosen to observe the main linguistic characteristics of the collected news items and the topics that appear in the articles. The analysis shows that the testimonies of politicians and members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) predominate, but there are few testimonies of immigrants. The solidarity and acceptance of Spain are strengthened, as well as the defense of human rights. This contrasts with the discourses that the press presents after the arrival of the ship in Valencia. A discourse related to the health of immigrants and their need for help and resources predominates, a fact that contributes to the alarm of the majority group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Communication & Society is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Communication & Society is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The media play an important role in suicide prevention, which has led to the development of media guidelines for reporting on suicides. Engagement with such recommendations is analysed here. A case study has been conducted of the "Blue Whale Challenge," an Internet "game" related to self-harm among adolescents, and the public alarm triggered by the related media coverage. Quantitative and qualitative content analysis was carried out of the news stories published in Spain by the mainstream digital media in 2017. The findings indicate the widespread presence of malpractice (sensationalist language and detailed descriptions of methods), which may contribute to copycatting and indicate poor compliance with international guidelines on best practice (such as providing information on reliable and contextualised help resources available). These results underscore the importance of including the role and function of the media in the prevention of this public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the opinions of citizens on the core values of the so-called Media accountability: truthfulness, independence, transparency, public participation and respect for peoples' rights. It also analyses citizens' perceptions of various deontological instruments to measure the effectiveness of compliance with these ethical values. The qualitative methodology used to carry out this analysis is part of the R+D+I research project "Accountability and Journalistic Cultures project in Spain. Impact and proposal of good practices in the Spanish media" (MediaACES), which has been achieved through six focus groups in different Spanish cities. The results of the analysis reflect the critical spirit of citizens towards the media due to the following factors: the absence of objectivity, the mixture of economic interests with their editorial line and an ambiguous participation of the public, which requires a better definition of their role within the information process. The conclusions derived from this analysis allow us to reflect on several aspects: among others, the competition in a deregulated market leads to infotainment and affects the quality of information, as well as the rights of people affected by the news. At the same time, the excess of information channels leads to greater disinformation, under the appearance of a spontaneous pluralism that is superfluous. Ethics, therefore, seems to be a necessary requirement to differentiate professional journalism from other inappropriate information channels and to guarantee the right to information of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to analyze media practices involving food content on YouTube in terms of the self-regulatory framework established by the PAOS code, which was originally designed for television. The study considers content created and disseminated by two different sources: food brands and child YouTuber channels. We conducted an exploratory qualitativequantitative study based on a content analysis of videos posted in 2019 on the most viewed YouTube channels in Spain (Socialblade, 2019). The final sample included 211 videos (29h 57m) divided into two subsamples: the official channels of 13 Spanish food brands (82 videos), and 15 Spanish child YouTuber channels (129 videos). The study has facilitated information on nine dimensions: (1) adherence to regulations and ethical standards, (2) nutrition education and information, (3) identification of advertising, (4) presence of risk, (5) clarity in the presentation of the product and in the language used, (6) pressure selling, (7) promotions, giveaways, competitions, and children's clubs, (8) support and promotion through characters and programs and (9) comparative presentations. The main findings reveal the experimental nature of videos featuring food brands that are posted on YouTube for child audiences, especially videos broadcast on the channels of child YouTubers, who post content without an ethical strategy sensitive to their target audience. The lack of compliance with the basic requirement of identifying the video as advertising underscores the urgent need to adapt existing legal and ethical standards to these new formulas of commercial communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific debate regarding populism has been renewed by the rise of extreme right-wing parties in Western Europe. Spain was an exception to the European situation until Vox stormed onto the scene in the Andalusian regional elections in December 2018. By taking into account the definition of populism from Jaager & Walgrave (2007), Mudde (2007), Hawkins (2010), Charaudeau's populist discourse analysis (2009), and the idea of "contamination" by Hernández Carr, 2011 and Van Spanje, 2010, this article presents the results of an analysis regarding the discourse of the tweets published by the candidates of the three right-wing national parties during the electoral campaign in Spain prior to the day of the elections on 28 April 2019. The aim of the study is to reveal whether Abascal's discourse conforms to the parameters of the populist style, and whether there was contamination by Abascal (Vox) of the issues and rhetoric of Pablo Casado (Partido Popular-PP) and Albert Rivera (Ciudadanos-Cs). Firstly, the quantitative analysis shows that Abascal's political discourse on this social network is in line with the discursive strategies of populism; Secondly, the Vox leader behaves differently from the candidates of the PP and Cs. Finally, the influence of Vox's discourse on the other two parties with which he competes on the right-wing ideological spectrum is lower than expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]