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In a recent paper we presented a data structure to be used with multigrid techniques on non- homogeneously refined FEM meshes. This paper focuses on the adaptive refinement techniques used there. The error estimate is obtained from standard Taylor series. For each element we compute its efficiency in terms of the size, the norm of the second derivatives of the unknown and the parameter p, where Lp is the chosen norm. The way the norm influences the optimal mesh is studied. The number of elements to be refined at each step is such to produce a fast convergence to the optimal mesh, followed by successive homogeneous refinements. We hope that the analysis of these two subjects could be of value for people working with other (perhaps very dissimilar) adaptive refinement techniques (error estimate and data structure, for instance). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algorithm for analysis of periodic oscillations of forced elastic systems with geometric nonlinearity is presented in this paper. Modal decomposition of the solution, computation of periodic oscillations for every eigenmode and estimation of geometric nonlinearities using the method of initial deformations enable to construct a computational technique that can be very effective in computation of steady-state periodic motions of slightly damped structures under periodic forcing. It is shown that the developed algorithm can be successfully exploited for the calculation of structural response of a micromechanical cantilever. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algorithm combining the numerical execution in time of implicit and explicit methods of solution is presented in this paper. The algorithm swaps between both methods as required for the analysis. The whole mesh is solved for an unique method at once, i.e. there are no partitions of the mesh for separate implicit or explicit treatment of the solution. The combination is in-time, in such a manner that if the implicit method starts diverging the explicit one is initiated by appropriate conditions of transition. The formulation is presented first and its implementation is validated by the analysis of a key numerical example. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a finite element solution algorithm for the numerical solution of large size three-dimensional flow problems on a personal computer. To demonstrate the algorithm, the Stokes equations in velocity–vorticity form are solved for a lid-driven cubical cavity problem. The Galerkin's weighted residual form of the governing equations is evaluated for all the elements of the computational domain and kept as element-matrices and element-vectors. This results in a set of simultaneous equations corresponding to the global nodes of each element. Those elements that contain the boundary nodes are modified to incorporate the Dirichlet boundary conditions. A conjugate gradient iterative scheme is employed to solve the simultaneous equations in element form to get the solution at the global nodes. The matrix–vector products used in the conjugate gradient iterative solver are performed in element level, assembling only the element-level vectors to form the global vectors. Since the element-level computation has eluded the formation of global matrices, the numerical solution of three-dimensional Stokes equations using a mesh of size as high as 513 could be achieved on a personal computer. The algorithm is validated by comparing the results for a three-dimensional transient diffusion problem and Stokes flow in a lid-driven cubical cavity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a locally refined tetrahedral mesh generation algorithm based on advancing front technique using optimization scheme with a non-uniform trial height has been developed for three dimensional forming simulations to improve the quality of the local mesh system and computational efficiency. To generate locally refined surface elements, the refinement region was identified by checking the local effective strain rate and minimum interior angle of a surface element, respectively. In addition, a limiting value for the edge length of the tetrahedron was introduced to avoid generation of extremely small triangular surface elements. The developed scheme was applied for numerical simulations of indentation and spur gear and connecting rod forging. The computational results indicate that the currently developed algorithm was successful in generating better mesh system to finish numerical simulations with relatively shorter computation time compared to the previous scheme with a uniform trial height available in the literature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper numerical methods for solving first-order hyperbolic partial differential equations are developed. These methods are developed by approximating the first-order spatial derivative by third-order finite-difference approximations and a matrix exponential function by a third-order rational approximation having distinct real poles. Then parallel algorithms are developed and tested on a sequential computer for an advection equation with constant coefficient and a non-linear problem. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variationally consistent framework leading to the concise design of both the ‘integrator’ and the associated ‘updates’ as related to the single step representations encompassing the so-called LMS methods for structural dynamics is described. The present paper shows for the first time, a consistent treatment involving both the ‘integrator’ and ‘updates’ that are inherent in the general context of designing the time integration process. Furthermore, the framework encompasses not only all the existing time integration algorithms that are dissipative and non-dissipative within the scope of LMS methods but also contains new optimal algorithms useful for practical applications—in the sense of accuracy, stability, numerical dissipation and dispersion, and overshoot characteristics of computational algorithms for time dependent problems encountered in structural dynamics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The δ-type discrete singular convolution (DSC) algorithm has recently been proposed and applied to solve kinds of partial differential equations (PDEs). With appropriate parameters, particularly the key parameter r in its regularized Shannon's kernel, the DSC algorithm can be more accurate than the pseudospectral method. However, it was previously selected empirically or under constrained inequalities without optimization. In this paper, we present a new energy-minimization method to optimize r for higher-order DSC algorithms. Objective functions are proposed for the DSC algorithm for numerical differentiators of any differential order with any discrete convolution width. Typical optimal parameters are also shown. The validity of the proposed method as well as the resulted optimal parameters have been verified by extensive examples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an optimization algorithm based on a special convex approximation technique and a robust numerical solution procedure. The employed approximation technique involves automatic adjustability in order to ensure good convergence properties. Additionally, it guaranties convexity and a special form of the approximate problems. Consequently, these problems can be transformed into very simple and quasi-unconstrained dual problems which are solved by a robust and reliable numerical solution procedure. A few examples illustrate the use of the algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a new type of time step integration algorithms using complex time steps has been proposed. For linear problems, the algorithms are higher order accurate, unconditionally stable and have directly controllable numerical dissipation. Solutions with high accuracy can be generated using large time steps. In this paper, the algorithms are extended to solve non-linear problems. The pseudo-force approach is adopted in treating the non-linear terms. To maintain the solutions accuracy, the pseudo-force is reconstructed by interpolation. Special treatments are required to compute the excitation at the complex time steps. Several numerical examples are analysed. It is observed that the complex time step method can be computationally more efficient than the Newmark method when very accurate numerical solutions are required. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new scheme of time stepping for solving non-linear dynamic problems. By expanding variables in a discretized time interval, FEM-based recurrent formulae are derived leading to a self-adaptive algorithm for different sizes of time steps. There will be no requirement of iteration for the non-linear solutions. Numerical validation shows satisfactory results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we attempt to give analysis of the covolume method for solving general self-adjoint elliptic problems. We first present some useful superconvergence results for the deviation between the solution of the covolume method and the solution of the induced finite element method, in the energy norm and maximum norm, respectively. With these results, we then reproduce the maximum norm estimates obtained by Chou and Li for the covolume method easily. Furthermore, based on the covolume method, we propose a high-accuracy algorithm for solving general self-adjoint elliptic problems. Compared with the original covolume method, the computation work of the new algorithm is increased slightly, but the approximate error is improved remarkably. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algorithm for the generation of general shape functions is presented here. The algorithm is coded using the Macsyma program which has symbolic/algebraic manipulation capabilities. The current technique is based on the direct approach of calculating shape functions which is seldom used due to manual algebraic tediousness. Listing of the code is included in this paper as well as examples showing how it correctly generates some of the common shape functions with ease. Two examples of new shape functions were created for C2 elements. Hence, the more useful purpose of this algorithm is that it can be used to investigate the existence of new types of shape functions by making use of the power of symbolic computational software. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Lanczos and Arnoldi reduction methods as the special cases of the generalized Hessenberg method are briefly reviewed. Attention is paid to the effect of symmetry of matrices on the behaviour of the reduction schemes, such as serious numerical breakdown. Based on the summation decomposition of matrices, two structures of the upper Hessenberg form of a general unsymmetric matrix and their relationship are revealed, in terms of which, Arnoldi reduction schemes for unsymmetric matrices can be reformulated in two respective forms. The relationship between the reformulated reduction scheme and the current Lanczos schemes for skew and symmetric matrices are also discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an analytical model for a beam system, based on a modified Timoshenko theory, where the beam is pinned to a hub driven by an actuator at one end and is subject to a heavy load at the other end. A new efficient computational algorithm is then proposed for solving the higher-order non-canonical partial differential equation model, which is developed based on the generalized difference method. This allows a suitable selection of different trial and test spaces, so as to improve the computational efficiency while preserving the high convergence rate of the standard finite element method. With the trial space of cubic Hermite finite elements and the test space of piecewise linear functions, the computational scheme reduces to a semi-discretized or even fully discretized computational algorithm. A numerical simulation result is included to visualize the theoretical modelling and computational results. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the incorporation of diffusive transport into the original semi-Lagrangian DISCUS algorithm for pure advection. An explicit treatment of diffusion is adopted following the approach used in the QUICKEST algorithm for advection–diffusion. The semi-Lagrangian treatment of the advection term relaxes the small time step restriction normally associated with Eulerian treatments of advection, but the Eulerian treatment of the diffusion term imposes conventional limitations on the scheme. Numerical experiments of advection–diffusion, however, indicate that DISCUS has advantages over the QUICKEST scheme for advection–diffusion in three key areas: stability, accuracy and computational efficiency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the second-order-accurate non-dissipative Newmark method is modified to third-order-accurate with controllable dissipation by using complex time steps. Among these algorithms, the asymptotic annihilating algorithm and the non-dissipative algorithm are found to be the first sub-diagonal (1,2) and diagonal (2,2) Padé approximations, respectively. The non-dissipative algorithm is therefore fourth-order-accurate. The stability properties and errors for algorithms with other dissipations are between these two algorithms. The spectral radii, the algorithmic damping ratios and the relative period errors for the present third-order complex-time-step algorithms are compared favourably with other algorithms. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an automatic sliding interface algorithm for intense impulsive loading computations due to high velocity impact and explosive detonation. This algorithm allows the user to perform computations involving complex sliding interfaces without having to predetermine the sliding interfaces; everything is automated. The interface determination algorithm, the searching algorithm and the contact algorithm are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper the author presents a novel point of view for the refinement and derefinement algorithms of triangular nested meshes using fractal concepts and iterated function systems (IFS). The fractal behaviour can be understood in the sense that these meshes feature a remarkable amplifying invariance under changes of magnification. Here we compare the meshes obtained by the combination of these algorithms with those presented by Bova and Carey (1992). Although both of the meshes are very similar, the current algorithms automatically build and manage sequences of nested irregular discretizations of the domain. The author illustrates here how the application of IFS families is equivalent to the use of an adaptive strategy that combines the refinement procedure with the derefinement one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a new numerical algorithm for pure advection at large Courant numbers. The DISCUS scheme uses an accurate and proven control volume algorithm (QUICKEST) within a Lagrangian treatment of advection. By being in sympathy with the information flow dictated by characteristic lines, the scheme performs exceedingly well at Courant numbers greater than one. In contrast to existing Lagrangian schemes which use the characteristics to determine the grid points from which concentrations are interpolated, in DISCUS the characteristics are used to determine the appropriate location for the control volume. The scheme is of comparable accuracy to Eulerian schemes at Courant numbers less than one, but it increasingly outperforms them as the Courant number increases. Indeed, the results reported illustrate the futility of using an Eulerian scheme at high Courant numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the analysis of two- or three-dimensional contact problems with Coulomb friction and large deformation. The classical approach is based on two minimum principles or two variational inequalities: the first for unilateral contact and the second for friction. A coupled approach using only one principle or one inequality is presented. This new approach allows us to extend the notion of normality law to dissipative behaviors with a non-associated flow rule, such as surface friction. Non-differentiable contact potentials are regularized by means of the augmented Lagrangian method. Using the C++ language, an object-oriented finite element database is created, which allows us to implement the contact and friction in an existing code in a very simple and neat way. Numerical examples are carried out in many difficult cases such as shock absorber and three-dimensional contact. The numerical results prove that this approach is robust and efficient concerning numerical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper the use of a truncated envelope technique is discussed as a preconditioning for the conjugate gradient method for solving large linear systems of equations with symmetric positive-definite matrices. An algorithm to generate a truncated envelope is introduced. Computational experience with systems of linear equations from the Harwell-Boeing collection is presented to highlight the efficiency of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of micromechanically based constitutive equations for contact interfaces leads to technically relevant parameters to ill-conditioned finite-element equations. In the paper an augmented Lagrangian technique is employed to overcome this difficulty and to provide a good converging algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explicit finite-element programs, such as DYNA3D, are frequently used to solve large structural problems, such as automobile impacts, that involve tens of thousands of shell elements. Since the explicit finite-element programs do not use a stiffness matrix, the major cost of the calculation is the evaluation of the force vector. A significant part of that cost is the evaluation of the constitutive models. The standard algorithm for integrating J2 plasticity at the stress points is the radial return method. An iterative variation of radial return is commonly used to impose the zero normal stress condition within the shell elements. In this paper we explore several different non-iterative methods that impose the zero normal stress condition in an approximate manner. We show that the cost of the constitutive evaluation can be reduced by 25 per cent without introducing significant errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an algorithm for obtaining the inverse of a tridiagonal matrix numerically. The algorithm does not require diagonal dominance in the matrix and is also computationally efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an algorithm for generating pure triangular or pure quadrilateral meshes for arbitrary polygonal domains is presented. The first part shows a triangulation procedure being as suitable for local mesh refinement as for local mesh coarsening. In the second part an algorithm for transformation of triangular grids to quadrilateral meshes of the same relative mesh density is introduced. Two simple strategies are shown which can easily be implemented into any existing triangulation algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]