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Based on the quark-gluon contents of nucleon and strongly believing that the force mediators, Pomeron and its counterpart in the conventional approach of Regge theory, for high energy diffractive process would be the tensor glueball and Odderon respectively, we discuss photo-production of vector meson phi off the deuteron at energy less than 3 GeV in the QCD inspired model in which the quark gluon degrees of freedom and glueball, Odderon exchange are taken into account. A calculation is performed for gamma + D -> phi + D, and the theoretical predictions of the differential cross section d sigma(gamma D)/dt, are presented and compared with available experimental data. Our QCD inspired model reproduces data quite well in the whole range of the experimental measurements up to vertical bar t vertical bar congruent to 0.4 GeV. Our results can be used to extract gamma n -> phi n data, which cannot be measured in experiment.

Based on the generalized vector meson dominance model in QCD, we study photoproduction of vector meson γ off the proton by use of the QCD inspired model in which the contributions from quark-quark, gluon-gluon, and quark-gluon interference term to observable are taken into consideration. Calculations are performed for total cross section σtot, differential cross section dσ/dt, ratio of the real part to imaginary part of forward scattering amplitude ρ, and nuclear slop parameter function β. The mediators of interactions between projectiles (the quark and antiquark pair fluctuated from the real the photon) and the proton target (three-quark system) are the tensor Glueball and Odderon instead of using the usual Pomeron exchange. The theoretical predictions for σtot (s) are consistent with the experimental data within error bars of the data. The data for dσ/dt, ρ, and β are urgently needed.

Based on the Dyson–Schwinger equations of quark propagator in rainbow truncation with an effective gluon propagator, the ten unknown Gasser–Leutwyler coefficients of the chiral Lagrangian for pseudoscalar Goldstone bosons are predicted. The predicted values of Li with i = 1, 2, ..., 10 are in a reasonable agreement with empirical values used widely in literature, and the values predicted by many other theoretical models with QCD characteristics.

We study vacuum of QCD in this work. The structure of non-local quark vacuum condensate, values of various local quark and gluon vacuum condensates, quark-gluon mixed vacuum condensate, quark and gluon virtuality in QCD vacuum state, quark dynamical mass and susceptibility of QCD vacuum state to external held are predicted by rise of the solutions of Dyson-Schwinger equations in "rainbow" approximation with a modeling gluon propagator and three different sets of quark-quark interaction parameters. Our theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the correspondent empirical values used widely in literature, and many other theoretical calculations. The quark propagator and self-energy functions are also obtained from the numerical solutions of Dyson-Schwinger equations. This work is centrally important for studying non-perturbative QCD, and has many important applications both in particle and nuclear physics.

Based on analysis of scattering matrix S, and its properties such as analyticity, unitarity Lorentz invariance, and crossing symmetry relation, the Regge theory was proposed to describe hadron-hadron scattering at high energies before the advent of QCD, and correspondingly a Reggeon concept was born as a mediator of strongly interaction. This theory serves as a successful approach and has explained a great number of experimental data successfully, which proves that the Regge theory can be regarded as a basic theory of hadron interaction at high energies and its validity in many applications. However, as new experimental data come out, we have some difficulties in explaining the data. The new experimental total cross section violates the predictions of Regge theory, which shows that Regge formalism is limited in its applications to high energy data. To understand new experimental measurements, a new exchange theory was consequently born and its mediator is called Pomeron, which has vacuum quantum numbers. The new theory named as Pomeron exchange theory which reproduces the new experimental data of diffractive processes successfully. There are two exchange mediators: Reggeon and Pomeron. Reggeon exchange theory can only produce data at the relatively lower energy region, while Pomeron exchange theory fits the data only at higher-energy region, separately. In order to explain the data in the whole energy region, we propose a Reggeon–Pomeron model to describe high-energy hadron-hadron scattering and other diffractive processes. Although the Reggeon–Pomeron model is successful in describing high-energy hadron-hadron interaction in the whole energy region, it is a phenomenological model. After the advent of QCD, people try to reveal the mystery of the phenomenological theory from QCD since hadron-hadron processes is a strong interaction, which is believed to be described by QCD. According to this point of view, we study the QCD nature of Reggeon and Pomeron. We claim that the Reggeon exchange is an exchange of multigluon, the color singlet gluon bound state. In particular, the Pomeron could be a Reggeized tensor glueball ξ(2230) with mass of 2.23 GeV, quantum numbers IG, JPC = 0+, 2++ and decay width of about 100 MeV. The glueball exchange theory reproduces data quite well. Accordingly, we believe that the Odderon, consisting of three Reggeized gluons, and predicted by QCD, should also contribute to hadron-hadron scattering and many other diffractive processes. We search for the Odderon by studying p and pp elastic scatterings at high energies. Our investigations on the differential cross section dσ/dt of hadron-hadron scattering at various energies and comparisons with experimental data show that the Odderon plays an essential role in fitting to data. Therefore, we suggest that the measurements should be urgently done in order to confirm the existences of the Odderon and to test QCD.

Based on the parameterized fully dressed quark propagator proposed by us, the tensor susceptibilities of QCD vacuum and quark vacuum condensates are investigated. Our predicted values of the tensor susceptibilities are in agreement with those predicted by many other theoretical models with QCD feature. The results also show that the tensor susceptibility of QCD vacuum strongly depends on flavor of quark but not sensitive to variation of quark vacuum condensates. However, the quark vacuum condensate is very sensitive to the change of cut-off- parameter μ2 of the integration, that is, it depends on the separation point of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD region. The successful predictions clearly indicate the extensive validity of our parameterized fully dressed quark propagator used here.

Based on the quark-gluon structure of nucleon and the possible existence of Odderon in strong interaction process due to gluon self-interaction, the elastic scatterings of pp and p at high energies are studied. The contributions from individual terms of quark-quark, gluon-gluon interactions, quark-gluon interference, and the Odderon terms to the nuclear slope parameter B(s) are analyzed. Our results show that the QCD inspired model gives a good fit to the LHC experimental data of the nuclear slope parameter.

In this paper we study the entanglement in a two-qubit spin in the XYZ model, and teleport a two-qubit entangled state using this spin chain in the condition of the thermal equilibrium as a quantum channel. We investigate the effects of the interaction of z-component JZ, the inhomogeneous magnetic field b, the anisotropy ?, and the temperature T on the entanglement and fidelity. In order to characterize the quality of the teleported state, we research the average fidelity Fa. High average fidelity of the teleportation is obtained when the temperat ure is very low. Under some condition, we also find that when inhomogeneity increases to a certain value, the average fidelity can exhibit a larger revival than that for less values of b.

Based on the quark-gluon structure of nucleon and the existence of Odderon in nucleon via gluon self-interaction, the elastic scattering of pp at high energies is studied. Our theoretical predictions reproduce experimental data perfectly. The contributions from individual terms of quark-quark, gluon-gluon interactions, quark-gluon interference and the Odderon terms to total cross section are analyzed. In addition to the leading quark-quark contribution, the Odderon contribution is quite important. In particular, the Odderon plays an essential role in fitting to data. Therefore, We may claim that the high energy pp and (p) over barp elastic scattering may be good processes to search for the Odderon, the three Reggeized gluon bound states.

Based on the Global Color Symmetry Model, the non-perturbative QCD vacuum is investigated in the parameterized fully dressed quark propagator. Our theoretical predictions for various quantities characterized the QCD vacuum are in agreement with those predicted by many other phenomenological QCD inspired models. The successful predictions clearly indicate the extensive validity of our parameterized quark propagator used here. A detailed discussion on the arbitrariness in determining the integration cut-off parameter of µ in calculating QCD vacuum condensates and a good method, which avoided the dependence of calculating results on the cut-off parameter is also strongly recommended to readers.

Based on the eikonalized Glauber representation of hadron-hadron scattering, we study the diffractive processes of p and pp elastic scattering at high energies. From our theoretical calculations and fits to the corresponding experimental data at high energies and all available momentum transfer, we find that the Pomeron exchange contributions play a significant role in description of differential cross section dσ/dt in the whole experimental domain. The Pomeron exchange contributions are related to multi-gluon exchanges in QCD, which are color singlet bound state of Reggeized gluons, such as tensor glueball and Odderon. Accordingly, we may claim that the p and pp diffractive processes at high energies s and moderate momentum transfer t would be a good tool to verify the existence of the color singlet multigluon bound states and to test QCD since QCD theory does predict the existence of these states. Therefore, we believe that the experimental measurement should be done for these diffractive processes.

Based on Pomeron exchange model, J/ψ and φ production in electro-proton interaction are investigated with both linear and non-linear Pomeron trajectory. The experimental differential cross sections measured as a function of the kinematic variable Q2,W and t are reproduced successfully in the model. Our conclusions are that the Pomeron exchange model is a successful description of J/ψ and φ electro-productions on the proton, and that the linear trajectory is a good approximation to non-linearity of the Pomeron trajectory.

The spatial chaos of Bose–Einstein condensates in a cigar-shaped trap is studied. For a system with a steady current, we construct the general solution of the 1st-order equation. From the boundedness condition of the general solution, we obtain the Melnikov function predicting the onset of chaos. The unpredictability of the system's distribution of atom density is also theoretically analyzed. For a 23Na system meeting the perturbation condition, numerical simulations show the existence of chaos, which is in accordance with our analytical results. Numerical simulations of a 87Rb system dissatisfying the perturbation condition also demonstrate that there exists chaos in the system. The case without a current is also investigated.

A scheme for controlled teleportation of an unknown N-qubit entangled GHZ state from the sender Alice to the distant receiver Bob is proposed. And m-qubit GHZ state is sufficient for the task of control by m spatially-separated supervisors. Conditioned on the local operations executed by all participants, Bob can faithfully restore the original state by performing relevant unitary transformations with the aid of some classical message about measurement results. Anyone's absence will absolutely lead to the failure of teleportation.

We propose QCD inspired model to calculate p and pp elastic scatterings at high energies in this paper. A calculation for total cross section of p and pp is performed in which the contributions from gluon-gluon, quark-quark, and gluon-quark interactions are included. Our results show that the QCD inspired model gives a perfect fit to experimental data of total cross section both for p and pp elastic scatterings at the whole energy region where experimental data existed at FNAL and CERN.

We use the QCD inspired model to analyze the ratio of the real to the imaginary for pp and pp elastic scatterings. A calculation for the ratio of the real to the imaginary is performed in which the contributions from gluon-gluon interaction, quark-quark interaction, quark-gluon interaction, and odd eikonal profile function are included. Our results show that the QCD inspired model gives a good fit to the LHC experimental data.

In this scheme, N non-maximally entangled particle pairs are used as quantum channel to teleport an unknown N-particle entangled GHZ state via entanglement swapping. In order to realize this teleportation, the sender Alice operates Bell-state measurement on particles belonging to herself. Then she informs the results to the receiver Bob through classical communication. According to the results, Bob operates corresponding transformation to reconstruct the initial state. The advantage of this scheme is that it needs only one common unitary matrix for Alice's different results, which has a more general meaning. As a special case, teleporting an unknown three-particle entangled GHZ state is proposed.

Based on the low energy QCD Lagrangian theory and the crossing symmetry relation, strange meson photoproduction and its associated radiative capture on the proton are investigated in the [SUSF(6) (×) O(3)],ym. (×) SUC(3)quark model of baryon structure with only one same input parameter, the only strong coupling constant αM. Calculations for the cross sections, p-polarization of γ + p → K+ + Λ reaction and the branching ratios for K- radiative capture of K- + p →γ+ Y with Y = Λ, ∑0 are performed. Good agreements to data are obtained and the results show that,compared to traditional phenomenological models, the low energy QCD Lagrangian theory provides a successful, unified description of the strange meson photo-production and its associated radiative capture.

Based on the Dyson-Schwinger equations in rainbow approximation for quark propagator with an effective gluon propagator, and on the parametrized fully dressed quark propagator proposed by us, the unknown Gasser-Leutwyler coefficients of the chiral Lagrangian for pseudoscalar Goldstone bosons, L-i, are predicted respectively. The predicted values of L-i in the two different ways are not only in reasonable agreement each other but also in agreement with empirical values used widely in literature and the values predicted by many other theoretical models with QCD characteristics. The compatible results of Gasser-Leutwyler coefficients predicted by our parameterized quark propagator, in turn, clearly verify its extensive validity.

Although quantum field theory allows the local energy density negative, it also places severe restrictions on the negative energy. One of the restrictions is the quantum energy inequality (QEI), in which the energy density is averaged over time, or space, or over space and time. By now temporal QEIs have been established for various quantum fields, but less work has been done for the spacetime quantum energy inequality. In this paper we deal with the free Rarita–Schwinger field and present a quantum inequality bound on the energy density averaged over space and time. Comparison with the QEI for the Rarita–Schwinger field shows that the lower bound is the same with the QEI. At the same time, we find the quantum inequality for the Rarita–Schwinger field is weaker than those for the scalar and Dirac fields. This fact gives further support to the conjecture that the more freedom the field has, the more easily the field displays negative energy density and the weaker the quantum inequality becomes.

Based on the fully dressed confining quark propagator, the pion decay constant fπ, local quark vacuum condensate, and the masses of light quarks and in-medium Goldstone bosons are investigated. The pion decay constant fπ is predicted and compared with its value of experimental measurement. A great agreement is obtained. With the predicted fπ and values of Goldstone boson masses measured by experiments in free configuration the current masses of light quarks and the masses of in-medium Goldstone bosons are obtained.

We initially propose a Reggeon-Pomeron exchange model to describe proton-proton elastic scattering at high energies in this short paper. A calculation for total cross section of proton-proton elastic scattering at high energies is performed without any free parameters. Our new finding from this work is that the Reggeon-Pomeron model gives a perfect fit to experimental data of the total cross section at the whole energy region where experimental data exist.

According to extensive study of the Dyson-Schwinger equations for a fully dressed quark propagator in the "rainbow" approximation with an effective gluon propagator, a parametrized fully dressed confining quark propagator is suggested in this paper. The parametrized quark propagator describes a confined quark propagation in hadron, and is analytic everywhere in complex p2-plane and has no Lehmann representation. The vector and scalar self-energy functions [1 - Af(p2)] and [Bf(p2) - mf], dynamically running effective mass of quark Mf(p2) and the structure of non-local quark vacuum condensates as well as local quark vacuum condensates are predicted by use of the parametrized quark propagator. The results are compatible with other theoretical calculations.

Based on Dyson–Schwinger Equations (DSEs) in the ``rainbow" approximation, the dependence of quark effective mass on gluon propagator is investigated by use of three different phenomenological gluon propagators with two parameters, the strength parameter χ and range parameter Δ. Our theoretical calculations for the quark effective mass Mf(p2), defined by the self-energy functions Af(p2) and Bf(p2) of the DSEs, show that the dynamically running quark effective mass is strongly dependent on gluon propagator. Therefore, because gluon propagator is completely unknown, the quark effective mass cannot be exactly determined theoretically.

Understanding hadron structure within the framework of QCD is an extremely challenging problem. Our purpose here is to explain the model-independent consequences of the approximated chiral symmetry of QCD for two famous results concerning the quark structure of the nucleon. We show that both the apparent success of the constituent quark model in reproducing the ratio of proton to neutron magnetic moments and the apparent success of the Foldy term in reproducing the observed charge radius of the neutron are coincidental. That is, a relatively small change of the current quark mass would spoil both results.

Based on the Pomeron exchange model, elastic production of meson in electron-proton interaction is investigated with both linear and non-linear Pomeron trajectories. The numerical calculations of the differential cross section for e + p → e' + p + are performed. The theoretical predictions show that the dependence of the differential cross section on virtual photon virtuality, Q2, is of moderation, the change of the energy scale parameter s0 causes moderate effect on the differential cross section, and the linear trajectory is a good approximation to non-linearity of the Pomeron trajectory, in particular, at small momentum transfer region t ≤ 0.2 GeV2.

Based on an extensively study of the Dyson-Schwinger equations for a fully dressed quark propagator in the "rainbow" approximation, a parametrized fully dressed quark propagator is proposed in this paper. The parametrized propagator describes a confining quark propagator in hadron since it is analytic everywhere in complex p(2)-plane and has no Lemmann representation. The validity of the new propagator is discussed by comparing its predictions on self-energy functions A(f) (p(2)), B-f (p(2)) and effective mass M-f (p(2)) of quark with flavor f to their corresponding theoretical results produced by Dyson-Schwinger equations. Our comparison shows that the parametrized quark propagator is a good approximation to the fully dressed quark propagator given by the solutions of Dyson-Schwinger equations in the rainbow approximation and is convenient to use in any theoretical calculations.

Based on Pomeron exchange model, elastic production of vector meson in electro-proton interaction is investigated with both linear and non-linear Pomeron trajectory. A numerical calculation for J/psi production is performed. The effect of the energy scale so and photon virtuality Q(2) on differential cross section are also predicted. A good agreement with experimental data is obtained. Our conclusions are that the Pomeron exchange model is a successful description of J/psi electro-production, the dependence of the differential cross sections on Q2 is negligible, the linear trajectory is a good approximation to non-linearity of the Pomeron trajectory, and the value of the energy scale parameter so is dependent on the momentum transfer, namely its effect is moderate at low momentum transfer but it causes no difference at high momentum transfer vertical bar t vertical bar >= 1.25 GeV2.

The Coulomb effect in high energy antiproton-nucleus elastic and inelastic scattering from 12C and 16O is studied in the framework of Glauber multiple scattering theory for five kinetic energies ranged from 0.23 to 1.83 GeV. A microscopic shell-model nuclear wave functions, Woods–Saxon single-particle wave functions, and experimental N amplitudes are used in the calculations. The results show that the Coulomb effect is of paramount importance for filling up the dips of differential cross sections. We claim that the present result for inelastic scattering of antiproton-12C is sufficiently reliable to be a guide for measurements in the very near future. We also believe that antiproton nucleus elastic and inelastic scattering may produce new information on both the nuclear structure and the antinucleon-nucleon interaction, in particular the -neutron interaction.

In order to solve the current experimental controversy on the existence of the tenser glueball xi(2230), we examine whether the conclusion from Seth's experimental measurement, which rejects existence of xi(2230), is reliable. We claim that the non-observation of the resonance structure by Seth is not a sound ground for rejecting the existence of xi(2230) but it may just indicate that xi(2230) has a broad width. We also study the tensor glueball properties: the mass, spin, and decay width. Our theoretical predictions of the mass and the spin of the xi(2230) using QCD sum rule are about 2.23 GeV and J = 2, respectively. Our theoretical results also evidently show that the xi(2230) must have a total decay width of about 100 MeV, which is much broader than the reported 20 MeV but a small partial decay width of 2 MeV into p (p) over bar decay channel.

Based on an extensive study of the Dyson-Schwinger equations for a fully dressed quark propagator in the "rainbow" approximation, a parametrized form of the quark propagator is suggested. The corresponding quark self-energy Sigma(f) and the structure of non-local quark vacuum condensate are investigated. The algebraic form of the quark propagator proposed in this work describes a confining quark propagation, and is quite convenient to be used in any numerical calculations.

Based on Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSEs) in "rainbow" approximation, the dynamically running mass of light quark and QCD vacuum condensate are investigated. The structure of non-local quark vacuum condensate, the values of local vacuum condensate of quarks and quark-gluon mixture, and dynamical transition of quark mass from current quark to constituent quark are illustrated. At the same time, according to the knowledge and experience learned from an extensive study of the solutions of DSEs, a parameterized form of confining quark propagator is suggested for a practical use. The new parameterized form of quark propagator is analytic everywhere in the finite complex p2-plane and has no Lehmann representation. The predictions for p2-dependence of effective quark masses, Mf(p2), defined by the self-energy functions Af(p2) and Bf(p2), both from the numerical solutions of DSEs and from its parameterized form, are shown dynamically. Our conclusion is that all numerical results are consistent with empirical values used in QCD sum rules and lattice QCD calculations. For a qualitative study, the parameterized form is a sufficiently good approximation to confining quark propagator.

Based on Dyson-Schwinger equations in "rainbow" approximation, fully. dressed confining quark propagator is obtained, and then the masses of light quarks (m(u), m(d), and m(s)) are derived from the fully dressed confining quark propagator. At the same time, the local and non-local quark vacuum condensates as well as the quark-gluon mixed condensate are also predicted. Furthermore, the quark masses are also deduced from the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation and chiral perturbative theory. The results from different methods are consistent with each other.

The coupling vertex of the Pomeron to nucleon is derived from QCD. A coupling vertex and coupling strength of , which has been used commonly as a free parameter in literature, are obtained. The result leads a support to the belief that the Pomeron could be a tensor glueball ξ(2230) with quantum numbers of in nature.

Based on the Dyson-Schwinger equations of QCD in the "rainbow" approximation, the fully dressed quark propagator S-f (p) is investigated, and then an algebraic parametrization form of the propagator is obtained as a, solution of the equations. The dressed quark amplitudes A(f) and B-f built up the fully dressed quark propagator and the dynamical running masses M-f defined by A(f) and B-f for light quarks u, d and s are calculated, respectively. Using the predicted running masses M-f, quark condensates = -(0.255 GeV)(3) for u, d quarks, and = 0.8(0\(q) over bar (0)q(0)\0) for s quark, and experimental pion decay constant f(pi) = 0.093 GeV, the masses of Goldstone bosons K, pi, and eta are also evaluated. The numerical results show that the masses of quarks are dependent on their momentum p(2). The fully dressed quark amplitudes Af and Bf have correct behaviors which can be used for many purposes in our future researches on nonperturbative QCD.

Based on our low energy QCD Lagrangian description of strange meson photoproduction off the proton and the crossing symmetry, the strange meson radiative capture on the proton, K- + p --> gamma + Lambda, is investigated in the [SUSF(6)circle timesO(3)]sym.circle timesSU(c)(3) quark model of baryon structure with the same input parameter, the only strong coupling constant alpha(M), as that in the strange meson photoproduction off the proton gamma + p --> K+ + Lambda, a crossing channel of the capture reaction. A good agreement on the branching ratio between the predictions and data is obtained successfully This excellent fit indicates that our low energy QCD Lagrangian theory with only one free parameter is an advanced and unified description of strange meson photoproduction and its associated radiative capture.

Based on the [SUSF(6) x O(3)](sym) x SUc(3) quark model, we study transverse transition form factors from the nucleon to nucleonic excitation states Delta(1232), N*(1535), and N*(1680). The transition form factors G(T)(Q(2)) are calculated with a realistic and relativistic electromagnetic interaction. Therefore, a fit to experimental data examines to what extent the constituent quark model is workable. The comparison between theoretical results and experimental data shows that the constituent quark model cannot provide a successful description of the transitions.

We study gluonic content of the pomeron and propose that the pomeron could be a reggeized tensor glueball ζ(2230) with quantum numbers IG JPc = 0+2++.This conjecture is examined in high energy proton-proton elastic scattering,and the calculations lend a favorable support to our physical idea.``

In this paper, quantum teleportation of one-to-many using (n+1)-particle entanglement is presented. If the sender (Alice) wants to transmit an unknown quantum state to a distant receiver (Bob), similar to the previous schemes, Alice performs Bell-state measurement on particles belonging to herself and informs the receiver the results through the classical channel. After that, it needs to perform the Hadamard operation on the other (n−1) particles and measure them as well. With the aid of the measurement results, Bob can operate a corresponding unitary transformation on his particle to reconstruct the original state. Of course, the reconstruction may realize at either location of n, but it cannot realize at all locations at the same time.

Based on Glauber Multiple Scattering Theory, high-energy proton elastic scattering on halo-like nucleus 13C is studied in a single nucleon wave function with low angular momentum configurations. A great agreement with experimental data is obtained and the theoretical prediction clearly shows that 13 C has a neutron halo-like structure.Then, the origin and nature of nuclear halo phenomena are explained in terms of nuclear short-range correlations. Our conclusion shows that the origin of nuclear halo-like phenomena originates from short range nuclear correlation.

We study high energy proton-proton elastic scattering in the framework of Pomeron exchange model. The cross section of the process are calculated without any free parameters. Our finding is that Pomeron exchange theory gives perfect fits to total cross section at the energy of roots higher than 10 GeV and to differential cross section at the momentum transfer \t\ less than 1.5 GeV2. For total cross section at lower energy roots 1.5 GeV2, the Pomeron exchange theory needs to be improved.