Search

The article discusses software engineering in which software is used to develop software. Compilers convert a text form of instructions into machine instructions executable by a machine, the author states. Topics include integrated development environments (IDEs) which are mostly word processors with specific look-up processes, what the act of putting knowledge onto pieces of paper does to the knowledge itself, and computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools used to store knowledge in a variety of formats including tables.

The article offers research related to CS (Computer Science) as of 2017. Particular focus is given to research relating to using computer networks as physical sensors to monitor breathing and even look through walls. The use of atomic clocks, high-performance read-write transactions and Wi-Fi technology.

An excerpt from a speech delivered by computer scientist and computer science professor Donald Knuth at Stanford University on May 7, 2014, about computer science history is presented.

The article looks at issues in the history of computing and computer science. The author assesses computer scientist Donald Knuth's criticisms of historiographic trends in the history of computer science, particularly as described by computer scientist Martin Campbell-Kelly in a 2007 paper entitled "The History of the History of Software." Topics include computer scientists versus historians as researchers on the history of computing.

We present our approach for overcoming the cost, operational complexity, and limited scale endemic to datacenter networks a decade ago. Three themes unify the five generations of datacenter networks detailed in this paper. First, multi-stage Clos topologies built from commodity switch silicon can support cost-effective deployment of buildingscale networks. Second, much of the general, but complex, decentralized network routing and management protocols supporting arbitrary deployment scenarios were overkill for single-operator, pre-planned datacenter networks. We built a centralized control mechanism based on a global configuration pushed to all datacenter switches. Third, modular hardware design coupled with simple, robust software allowed our design to also support inter-cluster and wide-area networks. Our datacenter networks run at dozens of sites across the planet, scaling in capacity by 100x over 10 years to more than 1 Pbps of bisection bandwidth. A more detailed version of this paper is available at Ref. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Communication's (SIGCOMM) efforts to create a technical history of the Internet. In 1999, as part of its annual conference, SIGCOMM hosted a Technical History of the Internet Tutorial which featured talks from 19 network pioneers, including Paul Baran, the co-inventor of packet switching, Larry Roberts, the ARPA Program Manager of the design and implementation of ARPANET, and Sandy Fraser, who is best known for his virtual circuit switching designs.

The article looks at the role of 20th-century British computer scientist and mathematician Alan Turing in the development of the computer science field, comparing it to the role played by 19th-century German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss in the development of the field of mathematics, on an institutional and political level as well as through their specific intellectual achievements. It notes that Turing's work foreshadowed the multidisciplinary nature of computer science.

The article discusses how there appears to be no clear connection between computer scientist Alan Turing's 1936 theories on the Universal Turing Machine (UTM) and the first stored-program electronic computers introduced in the mid-1940s. It notes that Turing's concepts of the Universal Machine were not designed to inform development of physical automatic calculating machines. Turnings relationship with mathematician John von Neumann is also covered.

The article discusses computing history in Europe, highlighting key events. Topics include the development of counting boards and sectors by inventors, the creation of a programmable handwriting automaton, and the invention of counting machines. Also noted are a cylindrical slide rule, the German relay calculator Zuse Z4, and the event Paris Computer Conference of 1951 in Paris, France.

The article examines the effects of automation on the job market both in terms of replacing human workers and creating new employment opportunities. It cites the example of the Industrial Revolution to note a forecasted trend of initial disruption followed by adjustment leading to long-term economic gains.

The article discusses a controversy surrounding V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai, a computer scientist who claims to have invented email, and argues that historians of computers can learn lessons from the incident. The author examines topics such as intellectual property, information illiteracy, and the accuracy of online reporting, arguing that historians must find a way to make their arguments about technological innovation more appealing to a broader audience.

Stephen A. Cook, winner of the 1982 A.M. Turing Award, reflects on his career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author reflects upon the longevity of digital media. Particular focus is given to how digital content compares to past media including rock art, printed books and photographs. Additional topics discussed include the ephemeral nature of artifacts, how in the past patrons and the religious orders of the Catholic Church would document knowledge, and the author's experience reading a digital copy of the book "Double Star," by Robert Heinlein.

The article focuses on the constitutionality of the U.S. National Security Agency's (NSA) spying on all Americans. It states the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution provides people the right to be secure in their persons, papers, houses, and effects against unreasonable search and seizure and mentions in colonial America officials of the British Crown conducted mass searches of houses and persons despite the English Court's Saman's Case of 1603. It comments on Judge William H. Pauley III's ruling Americans cannot file suit against the NSA when he dismissed a lawsuit by the American Civil Liberties Union due to legislation in the Patriot Act requiring the spying be kept secret forever. It mentions a report by the independent Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board on telephone spying.

Focuses on the development of computer science. Development of a course in automata theory; Development of a computer with a finite amount of memory; Development of the concept of a context-free grammar; Introduction of a simple model of computing device in 1936 known as the Turing machine; Measurement of the complexity of algorithms by mathematicians Hartmanis and Stearns.

Imagine a modern personal computer. It has a direct-manipulation, WYSIWYG user interface, and programs for drawing, painting, writing, and other tasks. It is connected to a LAN with email, database, [...]

The authors present their thoughts on the field of computer science following the advent of more unconventional computing such as quantum computing, DNA processors, and human social machines. They argue more emphasis should be placed on the physical computers, noting that one computational model no longer encompasses all the field's necessities. Comparing computer science to natural science, they suggest that new computers could inform new computational theories.

In this article, the author relfects upon time; including its existence and its measurement. Particular focus is given to how this relates to computer science. Additional topics discussed include depictions of time in the books "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy," online CPUs and various tables related to the topic.

The article looks at the history of medical device security since the 1980s. It discusses major events in the history, defined by the broader systems engineering field, the advent of implantable medical devices, and the threats of unauthorized access to medical devices. Software-controlled systems, cyber threats, and patient health and privacy concerns are also covered.

The article discusses the work of computer scientist John H. Holland in relation to adaptive computation, multidisciplinary research, and computational thinking. Topics include Holland's development of adaptive search, the use of internal models in Holland's theory of adaptive systems, and Holland's work on explanatory modeling. Universal properties of complex adaptive systems are also addressed.

The article discusses the statement of big or audacious goals or ideas in relation to computer science. Topics include the relation of goals to sustainable business models, the history of the development of the Internet, and the historical development of artificial intelligence. The nature of problem solving is addressed in relation to social progress.

The article discusses the 1963 invention of the Integrated Data Store (IDS) database management system (DBMS) by engineer Charles W. Bachman. Topics include the use of IDS to facilitate random access storage using high-level programming languages, the importance of transaction processing systems for DBMSs, and the role of IDS is setting up a DBMS standard by the data processing industry standards body CODASYL.

The article discusses the history of automatic control and computer programs. Details on the automatic computer known as the Analytical Engine, developed by scientists Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, and on automatic digital computers such as the Mark I computer developed by IBM, are presented. Other topics include the ENIAC and EDVAC computers and the use of loops and branches in computer programming.

Logic has been around for a very long time [23]. It was already an old subject 23 centuries ago, in Aristotle's day (384-322 BC). While Aristotle was not its originator, [...]

The article presents a speech by computer scientist Leslie Lamport, a computer scientist and the 2013 recipient of the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM's) A.M. Turing Award, entitled "The Computer Science of Concurrency: The Early Years". It discusses the history of concurrent algorithms in the 1960s and 1970s. Topics discussed include mutual exclusion, producer-consumer synchronization, and distributed algorithms.

The author discusses whether computer science has outgrown its traditional foundations introduced in the 1930's. Topics include the relationship between the bounds of theoretical computer science and those of physical computing the proposal of physical processes that allow computation beyond computability by a Turing machine, and examination of the logico-mathematical foundations of computing.

The article offers information on holographic technology. Particular focus is given to how this technology can be used in applications including biomedical imaging. Additional topics discussed include James R. Fienup, the Robert E. Hopkins Professor of Optics, and a professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, how holography dates back to the 1960s and details relating to the holographic display company LEIA Inc. from one of its employees, David Fattal.

The article profiles British computer engineer Tom Kilburn, focusing on his influence on historically significant computer systems throughout his life. Topics include his family background and service in the British Royal Air Force (RAF) Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), his work on the cathode ray tube (CRT) memory computers known as the Manchester Baby, Mark I, and Mercury and the Muse and Atlas transistor computers, and his role in establishing computer science in British higher education.

The article presents the author's comments on the global social phenomena in celebration of centennial anniversary of the birth of the mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing, one of the founding figures in computer engineering. Topics include Turing's accomplishments in the development of cryptoanalysis and the Turing Test for artificial intelligence (AI); preceding studies of computability upon which Turing built his work; and collective efforts in the creation of computer science.

The article focuses on the CPU DB open database containing information of 790 microprocessors from 1971 to 2012. It states that CPU DB contains a number of data entries for each central processing unit (CPU) including physical parameters and performance metrics. It comments on the difficulty of direct comparisons due to the significant improvement of manufacturing technologies and mentions that the database estimates how processor power and performance would scale with technology. It talks about how microchip voltage, power and complexity has scaled over time and mentions that since the release of the Intel 80386 CPU in 1985, transistor area shrank by a factor of nearly 4,000 while transistor count grew by a factor of 16,000.

The authors discuss their formulation of the process of model checking and its historical background. Mathematical logic is used in model checking to confirm that computer program behavior conforms to the correct specifications. While the Floyd-Hoare style deductive verification method was used since the 1960s, it was not useful for large programs. Model checking was devised using temporal logic (TL) that describes change over time. Debugging, correctness, expressiveness, efficiency and accounting for architectures and their features in model checking are detailed.

The article discusses computer network front-end (NFE) processors, examining the trade-offs associated with the design of network stack software. The history of the NFE processor, also known as a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) offload engine (TOE), is described. Topics include the choices made concerning the location choice for network stack software, the host-based implementation of a network stack, and partitioning work related to executing communications protocols from the execution of applications which require certain protocols.

The article discusses data preservation, exploring the issues and trends associated with preserving digital data. The author also examines the manner in which such data can be kept manageable, available, accessible, and secure. Examples of vital information stored digitally include medical records, financial data, and photos. Other topics include cyberinfrastructure (CI) defined as the distributed computer, information, and communication technology in a system and the fact that there is more data being created than there is storage to host it.

The article discusses the life and death of Jim Gray, a noted computer scientist. He was lost at sea on January 28, 2007. He was awarded the 1998 ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) A.M. Turing Award for contributions to the understanding of transactions and their implementation, the article states. Topics of conversation include his membership in the European Academy of Science, a tribute dinner held for Gray at the University of California, Berkeley, and the ways he was a friend and mentor to many people.

The article discusses consumer technologies such as Web browsers and mobile technology, examining the factors that lead a consumer to switch from one product to another product. Little prevents a consumer from switching, the authors state, as it has become simple for a consumer to switch, there are many options available, and such technology in 2008 is more affordable than in the past. Other topics include the competitive technology marketplace, consumer technologies that are easy to abandon, and low differentiation between technological options.

The article discusses transactional memory (TM), examining its use in parallel programing. The challenge of parallel programing are the same as sequential programming, but also includes the difficulty of interaction coordination among tasks that are executing concurrently, the article indicates. Topics include the historic transition from sequential to parallel computation, and finding abstractions for expressing parallel computation. Also discussed is the use of TM as a programming construct which offers high-level abstraction for writing parallel programs.

The author profiles Maxwell "Max" Herman Alexander Newman, a noted figured in the early history of British computer science often associated with computer scientist Alan Turing. He looks at how Newman's mentorship of Turing as well as his work as a cryptanalyst during World War II, where he helped develop an electromechanical code-breaking machine known as "Heath Robinson," influenced computer science.

This article reports on information processing in the early payment systems of 19th century Great Britain. Victorian Era data processing developed through Charles Babbage's calculating engine and Herman Hollerith's punch card machines, as well as with the payment system designed for the Bankers' Clearing House to manage cheques and accounts. The article discusses the practices of Clearing House clerks and how transactions were processed with human arithmetic. Information is also provided on how this system was adopted in the U.S. for balancing accounts.

The article presents the authors' view that parallelism is not a new idea in June 2010 and discusses the history of parallel computing. Topics include the Burroughs B5000 multiprocessor architecture that was designed in 1961, shared memory multiprocessors, the introduction of reduced instruction set computers or RISC architectures in the 1980s, the so-called determinacy theorem, and the principles of modular composability. Virtual memory systems and cache consistency are mentioned.

In this article the author discusses open source software. A history of the free computer software movement is given beginning in 1983 including the launch of the development of GNU (GNU's Not Unix), a free operating system. Topics include the ethical reasons behind the development of GNU and a group of people who broke off from the free software community to lobby for open source software.

The article discusses Apple Inc., examining the question of whether Apple's chief executive officer Steve Jobs pursued the best strategy by creating innovative products such as the iPhone rather than pursuing a strategy to create great industrial platforms such as Microsoft Inc.'s Windows operating system. Apple is one of history's greatest product development companies, the author opines. Other topics include the development of industrywide platforms, a list of the products Apple pioneered, and the development of key technologies.

Interviews are presented with three men who won 2007 ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) A.M. Turing Awards including Edmund M. Clarke, E. Allen Emerson, and Joseph Sifakis. The three helped develop Model-Checking into verification technology which is used in the software and hardware industries. Also discussed is formal software verification.

Perhaps the most well-known early work on reengineering --though not called that at the time--started with Bohm and Jacopini's 1966 Communications article. This article provided, in a theorem's constructive proof, [...]

The article discusses the history of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) A. M. Turing Award in relation to the career of computer scientist Alan Turing. Topics include the beginning of the award as a lectureship, claims that Turing invented the computer in relation to his work as a mathematician, and the notion of a Universal Turing Machine.

Whimsy and fun are often the precursors to powerful tools that are used later for more serious applications. A project at inception might not be useful because of lack of [...]

Although their contributions are not well documented, women have played an important role in the development of computer science. A survey of women pioneers demonstrates their influence in designing and [...]

The concept of privacy as a separate right was first articulated over 100 years ago when then attorney Louis Brandeis and Samuel Warren wrote an article in the Harvard Law [...]

Do the words that we use shape our outlook and affect our behavior? Undoubtedly they do. In fields that change as quickly as ours, we should step back once in [...]

The four articles in this special issue provide evidence that Polya's advice for solving difficult problems also describes the history of developments in the logic programming research community. Starting from [...]

Karen A. Frenkel: How did your interest in the field evolve and who were the early influences in your way of thinking? Fernando Jose Corbato: I was probably conceived in [...]