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Keywords: Forward fall; bone strength; distal radius; Non-axial loading; finite element model EN Forward fall bone strength distal radius Non-axial loading finite element model S489 S491 3 01/29/21 20191002 NES 191002 1. The main aim of our study is to develop and validate a finite elements model to predict radius bone strain under loading conditions simulating a fall. To reach this goal a first step consisted in developing an ex-vivo protocol to reproduce a forward fall leading to fractured and non-fractured bones (already published) and now comparing experimental surface strains of the distal radius with a specimen-specific finite element model. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the techniques in correlating the bone mineral content of bone tissue. It says that the degree of mineralisation of the bone (DMB) at osteon and lamella level was quantified using various methods including atomic force microscopy (AFM) or indentation modulus (E*), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and microradiography. It mentions that E* and DMB are correlated at osteon level while atomic force spectroscopy can be used in both osteon and lamella level.

The article presents a case study of the effect of bone mineralization (DMB) on the bone's toughness and ability to resist fracture. It says that, after x-ray analysis and statistical tests, it was observed that fractures need to be examined at a microscopic level to know the link between DMB and fracture behaviour.

The article focuses on the impact of the intra tibial injection of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on mechanical properties of the tibia. Topics discussed include determining the impact of the injection on mice tibia, performing Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test; and analyzing degradation in mechanical properties of the bone by intra-tibial injection.

The article presents toughness experiments on subjects who involve higher and low strain rate that is called as "fall rate." It shows that bone has an elastic behavior through the yield point at low strain rate and observed a plastic deformation (ductile material). It reveals that the crack ability to pass through the bone microstructure is higher during fall strain rate.

The article reports on the effectiveness of heterogenous and homogenous finite element models (FEM) in predicting bone strength radius during fall. The topics discussed include the prevalence of bone fractures as global health problem, forward fall as the most common type of fall, and the reasons why actual golden standard methodology is insufficient in assessing bone fragility.

The article presents a study which applied ultrasonic wave velocities that is being measures in the three orthogonal bone axes to examine stiffness coefficient. Mesoscale elasticity was determined with the use of a well-established method that is beased on the shear wave velocities and ultrasonic bulk compression measurements and sample apparent mass density. It shows that the stiffness coefficients for adult fibulae are the same from literature on femur or tibia.

An abstract of the article "Structural and behavioural analysis of children's cortical bones," by E. Lefèvre and colleagues is presented.

The article presents a study which aims to create a method to compare the strength of the forearm using axial and non-axial loadings. Topics discussed include a methodology to develop a micro-finite element model (µFEA), simulation of the axial loading, and non-parametric test to statistically analyse the results. Results showed that the bones that have lower strength might be more sensitive to the direction of loading.

The article presents a preliminary study which compares computed tomography (CT)-based model and two media simplified model as finite element models (FEMs) in predicting fracture risk. The study uses digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs), geometry models, and simulation method to determine the impact of the two modelling approaches on osteoporotic fracture risk assessment. Results show that DRR geometry predicts lower failure loads than CT-scan geometry.

The article presents a study which explored the difference between adult and children cortical bone's fracture mechanics. A three-point microbending test was processed for the evaluation of plastic strain energy and the mechanical Young's modulus. Results showed the association between the subnanostructural organisation and plastic behaviour in cortical bone's organic matrix during ageing.

The article assesses the intrinsic mechanical properties of human vertebral trabecular bone by voxel-based finite element model, based on compressive mechanical tests and high resolution micro tomography. It also determines the influence of the voxel size on the results. The article suggests that further investigations need to be done on larger specimen to confirm the influence of finite element model.