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In state‐of‐the‐art building codes, the traffic loads for the design or assessment of bridges should derive from a probabilistic characterization. However, because traffic depends on the vehicle flow peculiar to the transportation infrastructure of interest, the frequency of exceedance of code‐assigned loads is factually unknown. This study presents a methodology to probabilistically characterize the traffic loads on bridges based on network‐level traffic micro‐simulation and its application to the A56, that is, the urban highway connecting Naples' (Italy) districts. One year of traffic simulations, in conjunction with structural modeling of the bridges featured in the infrastructure, enabled the probabilistic characterization of the traffic‐induced structural demand and the determination of the bridge‐specific safety margins along the highway. The results of the study and of the application to A56 ultimately show that: (i) traffic micro‐simulation appears to be a suitable approach to bridge‐specific structural safety assessment; (ii) structural actions deriving from code‐assigned loads tend to be conservative with respect to their traffic‐simulation‐derived counterparts; and (iii) structural demand induced by traffic loads can vary along the same transportation infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]