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This work presents a probabilistic analysis of three-dimensional (3D) seismic active earth pressures acting on rigid retaining walls that are designed to support cohesive-frictional soil masses. The analysis is implemented using sparse polynomial chaos expansions (SPCE) to represent the physical model responses. The deterministic evaluation of 3D seismic active earth pressures is conducted with the application of the kinematic approach of limit analysis combined with a pseudo-static method. All of the input parameters are deemed as random variables. After the SPCE metamodels are determined, the method of Monte Carle simulations is applied to perform the probabilistic analysis of 3D seismic active earth pressures. The effects of uncertainty levels and correlation relationships of input parameters are investigated. Several illustrative examples of the reliability-based design of retaining walls are shown. Results indicate that uncertainties in input parameters possess a notable effect on 3D seismic active earth pressures, suggesting the need to investigate the problem from a stochastic perspective. In most cases, the soil cohesion, internal friction angle, and seismic coefficient are found to be three of the parameters that affect the final response the most significantly. It is also indicated that considering 3D effects and soil cohesion has a favorable effect on increasing the stability of retained slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]