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In recent years in Spain, university teaching of Communication has been adapted to European Higher Education Area. This process has been studied and analyzed by scientific community of Communication. Thanks this interest, today there are several academic research and papers about this issue. In this context, our aim is to built a global view of the academic papers which have been published in Spanish scientific Communication magazines about adjustment to EHEA of degrees and postgraduate programs of Journalism, Audiovisual Communication, and Advertising and Public Relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the prime time animated comedy, a television subgenre present in U.S. programming for more than 50 years, but still undefined. In order to fulfil the objectives of this paper, prime time animated comedy is explored using gender analysis, which includes the 108 programmes produced so far. The analysis reveals that the evolution and consolidation of the prime time animated comedy is the result of the television productions developed by Fox and cable television channels, as well as indicating that the programs belonging to this subgenre are characterized by the use of three transtextual strategies: parody, selfreflexivity and intertextuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the causes and consequences of the latest reform of RTVE by tracing the history of the corporation, and to explore the impact that the changes and the abolishment of advertising have had on the company, especially on its funding, programming and content production. To carry out the study, primary sources from internal company documentation were used, as well as secondary sources such as academic papers and press reports. The primary focus of this study is economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the transition from the analysis of the American Insomnia to the study of the Worldwide Insomnia in the first period of Jim Jarmusch's films. The American Insomnia must be understood as a criticism of the American Dream and the American Way of Life, especially as it was represented in the hegemonic cinema during the 80's. Jarmusch makes that criticism at the formal and subject matter levels. The object of this paper is to show how the American Insomnia becomes a Worldwide Insomnia progressively, reaching its high point with Night on Earth (1991) and coinciding with the end of the Reagan administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to study the way Spanish society looked at the economic crisis started at the second half of the 70’s and developed during the first steps of the Spanish transition to democracy. In order to research into the most spread topics and to discover which aspects of that crisis were considered most important, cartoons published by the main Spanish newspapers have been analysed. Those papers have been selected not only by their circulation, but also by their representation of different social groups or ideological tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary sociology there is an emerging and belief as to what concerns the "ma 'ng of society": the idea is that society is made up by communications and only by communications. The neosystemic perspective has brought the idea to a much sophisticated point of view. In this paper, the author tries to challenge this perspective, by analyzing the two main approaches used in current research on the relations between culture and communication. The first is characterized by insisting upon the relative autonomy of culture. The second treats culture as an instrument of communication (through symbolic codes, etc.). The author claims that both theories have advantages and disadvantages but, on the whole, they are extremely lacking. The paper confronts these theories and develops a new perspective. Culture is necessary to communication both as an instrument and as a meaning in itself. But this very fact can be explained and understood only by being able to observe culture both as internal (immanent) and external (transcendent) in respect to social relationships, and this implies to treat the culture/communication nexus through a "relational framework". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The films Um Adeus Português (1986), by João Botelho, and Non, ou a Vã Glória de Mandar (1990), by Manoel de Oliveira, rely on a storytelling technique based on the contraposition of present and past, in order to delve into the history of Portugal, especially in relation to issues such as national identity and the Portuguese cultural imagery. This paper analyses the way in which both films distort the three traditional myths –Os Lusíadas, the Fifth Empire and sebastianism– to suggest a new point of view about the canonical imperial discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meteorological information is increasingly important in the knowledge society. Data from the 2886 study of the Sociological Research Centre, in whose elaboration this paper's authors participated, reflect a high level of attention to weather information and a high estimation of the current importance of it. This interest is based on a high reliance on such information, based on indicators of high accuracy, understandability and usefulness of it. We analyze the knowledge and understanding of weather information and the sources and use made of this information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to advance in the study of the formal features of the radio comments, a genre that appeared in Spanish talk radio programming in the late 90s and that has now become a key piece in any news, sports or entertainment program. From a more particular perspective, we are interested in analyzing the colloquial register as a stylistic constant that can be found in many comments, despite being highly planned texts, to humanize the texts, making them closer and more familiar to the audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the situation of two public service broadcasters from de European Union. The research is focused on the programming schedule of the Spanish second public channel (La 2) and the Portuguese second public channel (RTP2). A comparative study of their public duties was carried out in order to analyses the shows aimed at children and youngsters. The findings highlight the preference given to children in both countries opposite to young people. Not only Spain, but also Portugal needs to improve the offer aimed at youngsters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show the limited inclusion of journalists of migrant origin in Spanish mainstream media, analyzing not only their difficulties in getting a job in the media industry and the precarious working conditions here prevail, but also the struggle of these journalists to acquire visibility and recognition as media professionals. These journalists" inclusion must be framed in a highly unfavourable context, characterized by chronic deregulation. The analysis of migrant journalists" job inclusion surpasses work conditions to highlight the debate about the possibilities of development of a public sphere that really reflects the multicultural society in which we live. Thus, the basic argument that lies behind the analysis is the democratization of national media field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of foreign news on two Chilean newscasts in the context of the Foreign TV News Around the World project. All news stories aired were classified into four categories, according to its place of occurrence and foreign or domestic involvement. The space granted to each of these categories together its most common topics are compared according to two broadcasting models: public service and commercial. It is observed that, both in Chile and the fourteen other countries analyzed, the differences between those models are comparatively small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the legitimacy of hidden camera like a research method in journalism. This analysis is proposed from three different perspectives: legal, deontological and journalists' opinion on practical dilemmas. The conclusions obtained in each of these areas are complementary and provide more specific criteria to deal with hard case in which journalist is torn between the right to citizens" information and respect for the law and deontological codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a representative survey of Chilean journalists (n= 570) and data collected from each news media organization (n= 114), this paper examines individual and organizational effects on professional role conceptions via hierarchical linear modeling. The findings demonstrate he existence of significant contextual effects on the importance that journalists give to their different functions in society, although not all professional roles are equally affected in form and magnitude by he news media context. This study shows that the journalism's more political roles are modeled for an interrelation between individual and organizational factors, where journalists' background and beliefs tend to be more predictive than news media characteristics. In turn, professional functions linked to the need of the public and to the commercialization of news, appeared to be more tied to the structural characteristics of the news organizations where the journalists belong. The results also reveal that individual and organizational political factors predict the majority of the professional roles, while ownership and media type do not have any direct influence on the journalists" attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the discourse offered by Spanish public television broadcaster TVE on the Civil War will be analysed from the station's beginnings until Franco's death. The study was carried out by viewing all the relevant audiovisual materials that are available from the RTVE archive. The authors have studed documentaries and, to a lesser extent, news programmes. Some of he materials solely focused on the conflict, others dealt with it only tangentially. No fiction productions about the Civil War were kept in the archive, even though a number were broadcast. This paper sheds some light on the reasons for the change n the way the Spanish Civil War was resented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the soap opera is a format that has an installed place in television schedule. It serves to structure relevant home-grown productions. That is why this paper reflects on the evolution of this genre in the Spanish case. Different stages in its development will be described, starting with the release of Latin American soap operas and ending with its redefinition as a home-grown model. Afterward, we will explain the processes and resources it uses in order to adapt itself to national audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leonardo Sciascia (1921-1989) was one of the most important Italian writers of the twentieth century. At the same time he published his literary work, extensive and varied, Sciascia also served as a columnist in the Italian press. This activity has hardly been studied yet. This paper analyses Sciascia's contributions to various Italian newspapers, both regional and national, over nearly 35 years. It shows how Sciascia built up his intellectual reputation in the public sphere, becoming a moral reference through his valuable but controversial opinions related to the national political situation and the fight against the Sicilian Mafia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses P. Ricoeur's studies on the Poetics, and his notion of "refiguration" as developed in the work of Juan José García-Noblejas, under the scope of the Aristotelian doctrine. It suggests that the "first writing" of a screenplay focuses on the structure of the plot and the characters, dialogue and actions. The "re-writing" deals with these same elements; but above all, discovers the deep poetic structure that holds together the story. From that point on, the writer is able to return to the plot and refine it. This back and forth movement ends up in coherence and unity of the story, and so illuminates the writer's personal exploration on the meaning of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to explore the main results of the project "Participation and social relationships in Twitter's online opinion leaders in Colombia, Venezuela and Iran, linked to the authors' research field. Our initial hypothesis said that new social networks in online media are strengthening the application of the flow communication model proposed by Klaus Jensen (Three-Step Flow), as well as they are contributing to the emergency of new opinion leaders. The findings confirm the relevance of Jensen's model and show how, the formation of new leaders of opinion online depend of factors out the ICT's effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coverage of 2008 Spanish presidential elections was remarkably different among free dailies and the paid press. Content analysis of main Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo, ADN, Qué! and 20 minutos) reveals a varying degree of salience in the coverage of the political event, as well as the extent to which these papers were politicized. Additionally, news frames were analyzed. The results of this study come from the project "The model of the free press in Spain: development, contents, uses and gratifications perceived by the audience", funded by Ministry of Science and Innovation (SEJ2007-66380). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates that, from 1942 to 1972, the main contributions regarding journalistic-literary connections were expressed in the Gaceta de la Prensa Española, a corporative journal edited by the Francoist Delegación Nacional de Prensa, where journalists, writers and academics interested in reflecting on the news profession collaborated. This paper helps contribute to fill a gap in studies related to connections between Journalism and Literature in Spain. There was very little or nothing published about this hybridization in the journalism writing manuals between the 1940's and 1970's. Consequently these undocumented contributions have been recovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For cognitive linguistics, metaphor is an essential resource of thought that can have verbal and non-verbal manifestations. However, the corpus focused is verbal basically. On the other hand, a comprehensive and unified theory of the visual metaphor does not exist. In this paper, I defend that visual metaphor has a conceptual origin and must be integrated into cognitive theories of metaphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comprehension of the news is an issue for journalism. This paper tries to make an effort in that sense, trying to prove the viability of the concept of "foco editorial" as a strategy that guides the development of television news, as a way to avoid multiple meanings of the informative message and contribute to comprehension by the receiver. The concept is the main idea that gives a specific intention to the visual narration process. The objective of this investigation is to show that news developed following the elements that compose the concept of "foco editorial" is associated with better understanding on the part of the viewer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide information about the organizational influences affecting the production of news in Mexico, this paper discusses the testimonies of four managing editors of print and electronic news media during the 1980's in Monterrey, Mexico. Based on in-depth interviews, the study provides evidence on the complex processes of negotiation and degrees of autonomy of Mexican managing editors of newspapers and television newscasts in relation to the economic and ideological interests of media owners and of the local economic and political elite. In addition, the study identifies the main work routines and individual characteristics influencing and shaping the content of local news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of different theories and means of moral education (as well as some practical examples) to be applied in the teaching of communications ethics and deontology. These theories include the cognitive-evolutive approach and procedures for the discussion of moral dilemmas in journalistic practice, theories and methods which give priority to ideas and knowledge for appropriate behaviour, tools for the development of ethical practices, and methods for developing empathy and caring dispositions. The aim is to foster the integrated moral education of future journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an up-to-date overview of the main corporate private actors in the Spanish media system. The text updates the primary data on corporate owners of media in Spain in early 2009 through the analysis of publicly available corporate information, including financial results, ownership, origin, main media assets, degree of multimedia activities, degree of diversification outside the media market, and market share. The goal is to assess the degree of concentration in the sector, as well as the financial strength of media groups operating in Spain in the face of the financial crisis starting in 2007. Data shows a high degree of concentration and financial dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the special argumentation of the advertising messages as part of a strategy of persuasion. Considering the ability of the advertising messages language to spread its own usages, it is relevant the study of the syntactic formulas used with argumentative aim. The formulas with si (English: if) conjuction, which strengthen the creation of real or imagined situations, are very often used in printed advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the fiction serial Amar en tiempos revueltos, broadacasted by TVE1. The research is organized taking in account two complementary perspectives. On one hand, it points to several important dimensions to understand not only historical fiction on television but also the representation of Spanish Civil War in film and television. On the other hand, it analyzes the most important lines of contents of this serial, and the originality of such kind of subject, placed, in this case, in soap opera genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication theory on media entertainment has indicated that identification with characters is one of the most important factors predicting media enjoyment of feature films. However, there is little empirical research on this topic. This paper presents the results of quantitative research in which 300 subjects were interviewed as they left commercial cinemas. The subjects were asked about their enjoyment of one of the following features films: Mar adentro, El lobo, and Bridget Jones: sobreviviré (Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason). Identification with the characters was the factor that most explained film enjoyment, especially in the case of Mar adentro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the procedures that the German Embassy in Madrid used since 1933 to reach the German audiences who were living in Spain. It is focused on the distribution and willingness to promote propaganda documentaries; how the German authorities did it and which outcomes they got. Unpublished documentation from the German and Spanish archives are utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have reviewed and classified some recent researches about the situational theory. We have noticed that most of them try to include new variables in the theory or try to combine it with other models, while few of them have altered its structure. Furthermore, we have concluded that most of them do not have any kind of continuity and there are not empirical studies that prove their validity. However, all of them corroborate the situational theory and, since they link it with actual issues, they prove its permanence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data that we submit in this article are the result of a content analysis focused on the visual representation of immigration through related photographs appearing on the major Spanish newspapers. This research is part of a broader project aiming at the treatment of immigration in the news. From the outcomes obtained, bearing in mind the Framing Theory as theoretical basis, it can be affirmed that coverage given to each one of the participants taking part in the immigration (police officers, politicians, and immigrants themselves) is different. In the same way, there are differences, regarding immigration topics, among the different Spanish newspapers which mainly depend upon the newspaper's editorial (progressive vs. conservative) or the type of paper (prestige press vs. tabloids). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows up that advertising creativity does not arouse too much interest within the academic framework. It defines the principles causes of the lack of academic interest and analyzes the main authors and studies than have taken notice of the research of this phenomenom. The aim is relaunch the interest in creativity as an academic field taken notice of it through a practical and multidisciplinar point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research pertaining to children and their perceptions of television advertising. The research also looks into their role as consumers as influenced by television. In the first section, several issues are analyzed including the evolution of the relationship between children and television. The paper goes on to discuss several relevant topics pertaining to advertising towards children and then goes on to discuss the historical origins and evolution of the academic research pertaining to publicity.

The emphasis of this essay is to challenge scholarship about the news media and the environment and to explore an alternative theoretical framework that might overcome some of the acknowledged differences among the public and experts regarding ecological issues. The paper briefly reviews longstanding scholarly emphases in public understanding of the environment and notes some barriers that mass media theory inadvertently has created. The intent is to discuss some recent literature that provides new directions for the field. Although recent books by Yankelovich, Dionne, Greider and Broder are not directly concerned with the public's understanding of the environment, similar insights derived from their books reveal some key reasons for the dysfunctional state of public communication about environmental issues. Their books also suggest some alternatives for research and practice, which the essay introduces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conferences paper about the mass media company Reuters is presented. It discusses a historical review of the company's sources of income, including other media companies and commercial establishments, such as financial institutions and other clients. It examines the development of the news agencies, as producers of material from their own correspondents and their own communication systems.

Although Peirce wrote about the concept of information in various contexts, his use of the term can only be vaguely related to its modern meaning. In the paper an attempt is made to interpret the concept of information in terms of the Peircean concept of sign. It is argued, moreover, that the concept of sign must be complemented by the concept of sign-event. In the first part, it is argued why a metaphysics of events has greater merits than the traditional metaphysics of substance and the modern metaphysics of fact. An attempt is made to distinguish the basic features of events. In the second part, it is shown that the concept of 'information' allows for an interpretation in which events and information are intrinsically related to one another. There is no event without information, and there is no information that is not event-like. In the third part, an attempt is made to apply the Peircean analysis of signs to information understood in the way that was defended in the second part. In conclusion, a case may be made for the potentially fundamental relevance of the concept of 'information' for a metaphysics of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]